Indian Parliament

PARLIAMENT IN INDIA AND SHORT NOTES ON OTHER PARLIAMENTS By, T. Vishnu, IX A. The  Parliament of India  is the supreme  legislative body  in  India. The parliament house originally known as ‘Council House ‘, founded in 1919, the Parliament alone possesses  legislative supremacy  and thereby ultimate power over all political bodies in India. The Parliament of India comprises thePresident of India  and the two Houses,  Lok Sabha  (House of the People) and  Rajya Sabha  (Council of States). The President has the power to summon and prorogue either House of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha.The parliament is  bicameral, with an  upper house  called as Council of States or  Rajya Sabha, and a  lower house  called as House of People or  Lok Sabha. The two Houses meet in separate  chambers  , in New Delhi. The Members of either house are commonly referred to as Members of Parliament or MP. The MPs of Lok Sabha are elected by  direct election  and the MPs of Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of the State Legislative Assemblies and Union territories of Delhi and Pondicherry only in accordance with  proportional voting.The Parliament is composed of 790 MPs, who serve the largest  democratic  electorate  in the world The Estimates Committee, constituted for the first time in  1950, is a Parliamentary Committee consisting of 30  Members, elected every year by the Lok Sabha from amongst its Members. The Chairman of the Committee is  appointed by the Speaker from amongst its members. A Minister cannot be elected as a member of the Committee and if a member after his election to the Committee, is appointed a Minister, he   ceases to be a member of the  Committee from the date of such appointmentTerm of Office The term of office of the Committee is one year. Functions The functions of the Estimates Committee are: (a) to report what economies, improvements in  organisation, efficiency or admini strative reform, consistent with the policy underlying the estimates  may be effected; (b) to suggest alternative policies in order to bring about efficiency and economy in administration; (c) to examine whether the money is well laid out within the limits of the policy implied in the estimates; and d) to suggest the form in which the estimates shall be presented to Parliament. The Committee does not exercise its functions in relation to such Public Undertakings as are allotted to the Committee on Public Undertakings by the Rules of Procedure of Lok Sabha or by the Speaker. Working The  Parliament of Great Britain  was formed in 1707  Soon after it is constituted, the Committee selects such of the estimates pertaining to a Ministry/Department of the  Central Government or such of the statutory and other bodies of the Central Government as may seem fit to the Committee.The Committee also examines matters of special interest which may arise or come to light in the course of its work or which are specifically referred to it by the House or the Speaker. The Committee calls for preliminary material from the Ministry/Department, statutory and other Government bodies in regard to the subjects selected for examination and also memoranda from non-officials connected with the subjects for the use of the Members of the Committee. The Committee, from time to time, appoints one or more Sub-Committees/Study Groups for carrying out detailed examination of various subjects.If it appears to the Committee that it is necessary for the purpose of its examination that an on-the-spot study should be made, the Committee may, with the approval of the Speaker decide to undertake tours to make a study of any  particular matter, project or establishment, either as a whole Committee or by dividing itself into Study Groups. Notes relating to the institutions/offices etc. to be visited are called for in advance from the concerned Ministries/Departments etc. and circulated to th e Members of the Committee/Sub- Committee/Study Group.The Members while on tour may also meet the representatives of chambers of commerce and other nonofficial trade organisations and bodies which are concerned with the subjects under examination of the Committee, for an informal discussion. When the Committee/Sub-Committee/Study Group is on study tour only informal sittings are held at the place of visit. At such sitting neither evidence is recorded nor any decisions are taken. All discussions held by the Committee with the representatives of the   Ministries/ Departments, nonofficial organisations, etc. re treated as confidential and  no one having access to the discussions directly or  indirectly, should communicate to the Press or anyunauthorised person any information about matters taken  up during the discussions. Later in the light of informal discussions during Study Tours,  memoranda received from non-officials and information  collected from the Ministry/Depart ment concerned and other sources, non-official and official witnesses are invited to give evidence at formal sittings of theEstimates Committee held in Parliament House/Parliament House Annexe, New Delhi. The observations/recommendations of the Committee are embodied in its Reports which are presented to Lok Sabha. After a Report has been presented to the House the Ministry or Department concerned is required to take action on the recommendations and conclusions contained in the Report within a period of six months. The replies of the Government are examined by the Committee and an Action Taken Report is presented to the House.The replies to the recommendations contained in the Action Taken Reports are laid on the Table of Lok Sabha in the form of Statements. While U. S. A’s parliament is called as UNITED STATES CONGRESS The  United States Congress  is the  bicameral  legislature  of the  federal government  of the  United States, consisting of the  Senate, its upper house, and the  House of Representatives, its lower house. Congress meets in the  Capitol  in  Washington, D. C.Both representatives and senators are chosen through  direct election. There are 535 voting Members of Congress; the House of Representatives has a membership of 435 and the Senate has a membership 100. Members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a district. Congressional districts are  apportioned  to states by  population  using the United States Census results, each state in the union having at least one representative in the Congress.Regardless of population, each of the 50 states has two senators; the 100 senators each serve a six-year term. The terms are staggered so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election. Most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent. The  Parliament of the United Kingdom o f Great Britain  is the supreme  legislative body in the United kingdom, British  Crown dependencies  and  British overseas territories.The  parliament  is  bicameral, with an  upper house, the  House of Lords, and a  lower house, the  House of Commons. ]The Queen is the third component of the legislature. The House of Lords includes two different types of members: the  Lords Spiritual  (the senior  bishops  of the  Church of England) and the  Lords Temporal  (members of the  Peerage) whose members are not elected by the population at large, but are appointed by the Sovereign on advice of the Prime Minister . The  Parliament of Great Britain  was formed in 1707. Read also: My Ambition Is To Become a Collector

Philippine Daily Inquirer

â€Å"The Philippine Daily Inquirer† I. Introduction Philippine Daily Inquirer is one of the most prominent newspapers in the Philippines. It is the most widely read newspaper nowadays because of its updated content. The Philippine Daily Inquirer is undeniably the country’s most widely read and circulated newspaper. With over 2. 7 million nationwide readers daily, it enjoys a market share of over 50% and tops the readership surveys. Not only is it the most read among all sectors and ages, it is also the country’s most trusted source of hard-hitting news and countless exposes. Distinguished by award-giving bodies like the Catholic Mass Media Awards, Jaime Ongpin Awards for Investigative Journalism and Anvil Awards, it is the Philippines’ most awarded broadsheet with over 200 awards and citations. Besides being the country’s leading journalistic voice, the Inquirer is also strongly committed to social responsibility and has taken an active role in various socio-civic programs. Its business savvy and social conscience have been recognized with the Agora Award for Outstanding Marketing Company of the Year in 1998, Anvil Award of Merit for its participation in Tabang Mindanaw and Gold Quill Award of Excellence for Economic, Social and Environmental Development in 2003. It is also the most environmentally friendly newspaper in the country, being the first local newspaper to use organic soy-based ink, 100% recycled newsprint and a resizing of the paper saving seven trees a day. It won a special citation from the Catholic Mass Media Awards for its environmental initiatives and a Gold Quill Award of Excellence for its youth readership program. Its meaningful goal of making a difference in the everyday life of Filipinos continues to be the driving force behind its journalistic and corporate initiatives. As the country’s no. 1 newspaper, the Philippine Daily Inquirer will remain steadfast in its commitment to bring â€Å"Balanced news, fearless views† to readers when and where it matters. II. History The Philippine Daily Inquirer was born in the last days of 1985. Like its predecessors, the Mr. and Mrs. Special Edition and the weekly Philippine Inquirer, it was to play an important role in helping bring about chronicling the historic EDSA revolution. The Sandiganbayan on December 2, 1985 acquitted all 25 soldiers and a civilian accused in the Aquino-Galman double murder case. At about the same time, President Ferdinand E. Marcos called for a snap presidential election. Ms. Corazon C. Aquino, widow of Sen. Benigno S. Aquino Jr. , was soon nominated by the opposition to run against Marcos. A strong demand then arose for a credible alternative broadsheet that would compete with the three national dailies controlled by the government. Mrs. Eugenia D. Apostol, Chair of Mr. & Ms. Publishing Co. , and a group of media people organized the INQUIRER to meet the demand for a credible broadsheet. The group headed by Mrs. Apostol wanted to have a newspaper that was truly independent, free from the influence of interest groups. The INQUIRER started publishing with less than P1 million in seed money, its maiden issue, published on December 9, 1985, sold 30,000 copies. The first issue said that the INQUIRER would chronicle the times with candor and courage. The paper later adopted the slogan â€Å"Balanced News, Fearless Views. The new daily was housed in the dilapidated one-story Star Building on 14th and Railroad streets in Port Area, Manila. It was put out by 40 editors, reporters, correspondents, photographers and other editorial employees working in a 100 square meter newsroom. Columnist Louie Beltran was named its Editor-in-Chief. The INQUIRER's circulation increased as Ms. Aquino's campaign picked up. By January 1986 it was selling 100,000 copies and by February 1986, shortly before the election, it was selling more than 250,000 copies and circulation was continuing to climb beyond the 300,000 mark. After the EDSA Revolution, the circulation settled down, but the INQUIRER still ranked second among the top broadsheets with 175,000 paid copies daily. On June 27, 1986, the INQUIRER transferred to the former Madrid Restaurant on EDSA. The new president, Ms. Corazon C. Aquino, was the guest of honor at the inauguration. In its first year of operation, the Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc. ranked 339th on the list of top 1,000 companies of the country. Since then it has been consistently on the list in 1988, 530th; in 1989, 467th; in 1990, 451st in 1991; 451st again; in 1992, 349th ; in 1993, 333rd; in 1994, 315th; and in 1995, 296th. Frederico D. Pascual, former assistant managing editor of the Daily Express, was named executive editor in February 1987, replacing Beltran. Pascual was appointed Editor-in-Chief two years later. On Sept. 22, 1987, two veterans in newspaper management joined the INQUIRER: Mariano B. Quimson, Jr. as president and Ben M. Pangilinan as Vice President for Marketing, it was also at that time that the INQUIRER received an additional capital infusion. In November of that year, the INQUIRER began setting up a modern electronic newsroom Today, the entire editorial and production operation of the INQUIRER is 100 percent computerized. On November 17, 1987 the INQUIRER moved again, this time to the BF Condominium on Aduana Street, Intramuros. It was in 1990 that the INQUIRER overtook the lead of another daily and became the country's biggest circulated broadsheet. This was validated by a circulation audit conducted by Sycip, Gorres and Velayo for the Print Media Audit Council which found that the INQUIRER had an average net paid daily circulation of 200,759 for the period of October 1989 to March 1990. Since that time the INQUIRER has consistently led in the circulation ratings. The BF Condominium building was damaged in the earthquake of July 1990. On January 5, 1991 the INQUIRER transferred to the YIC building on United Nations Avenue and Romualdez Street in Malate. On June 14, 1991, Leticia Jimenez Magsanoc, columnist and associate publisher, was appointed Editor-in-Chief. On January 26, 1994, Ms. Apostol, the INQUIRER founding chair, retired and Ms. Marixi R. Prieto took over her post. A group led by Eduardo Espiritu, former PNB president bought Ms. Apostol's shares in the company. Previously, a group headed by Ms. Prieto had bought into the Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc. On Feburary 4, 1994, the PDI board of directors appointed Isagani Yambot as publisher. The INQUIRER transferred to its building on Chino Roces Street (formerly Pasong Tamo) corner Yague and Mascardo Streets in Makati City on January 5,1995, its printing press was installed earlier, only about 20 meters away from the office building. The INQUIRER is now the No. 1 newspaper in the country in terms of ciculation and readership. It has a daily average circulation of 250,000 and a Sunday circulation of 270,000. Based upon the Asia Research Organization's (ARO) trimedia survey, it is estimated that more than 2. million readers nationwide are now reading the INQUIRER. Of the INQUIRER'S 416 employees, 192 are with the editorial group and 224 with the business group. In addition to its 56 regular reporters based in Metro Manila, the INQUIRER has 90 provincial correspondents who cover the news throughout the country. It has four news bureaus in Baguio City (Northern Luzon), Legaspi City (South ern Luzon), Cebu City (the Visayas) and Davao City (Mindanao). To date, The Inquirer is the most awarded broadsheet. It's writers have been honored with over 100 awards and citations. It was chosen Newspaper of the Year by the Rotary Club of Manila in 1992 and was lone print media awardee in January 1995, during the visit of Pope John Paul II, when it was cited by the Catholic Mass Media Awards for Best News Reportage. In May 1997, it was again given the CMMA award (now the Lorenzo Ruiz Award) for its â€Å"pork barrel† series. It also received the Webby Award for its website (www. inquirer. net), and Agora award for Marketing Company of the Year, and in 1999, the grand prize of the 1998 Citibank Excellence in Journalism Award (Elena Torrijos) as well as an Anvil Award for Merit for its Tabang Mindanaw campaign in '98. In May 1998, Ben Pangilinan formally retired from the office and was succeeded by Alexandra P. Romualdez as president. The INQUIRER has come a long way from December 1985 when it started on a P1 million budget and enjoyed an initial circulation of 30,000. It is now the daily newspaper with the biggest circulation and readership. It is considered one of the most influential dailies in the country today. III. Mission, Vision, and Values The mission of the Philippine Daily Inquirer is to be the dominant, most respected and influential Philippine media organization for Filipinos here and abroad. Generally speaking, they want to be known having an important role in the society. Not only locally but to be acclaimed internationally. Their vision is focused on becoming a world-class processor of news and information, publishing the country's newspaper of record, informing and influencing our public, providing other excellent services and serving as a catalyst for social progress – all within the framework of a liberal democracy. And lastly, their corporate values which are focused on these things as follows: Excellence We uphold the highest standards in journalism and provide top-quality service to readers, advertisers and clients. We perform our roles to the best of our abilities and continuously seek to improve our expertise and skills. We strive to be reliable, accurate, efficient and effective in the delivery of our services and management of our finances. Integrity We abide by the principles of honesty, fairness and incorruptibility in our journalistic, business and interpersonal conduct. Through these, we establish our credibility and become worthy of the trust of our stakeholders. Editorial Independence We maintain the freedom to take a position regardless of external and internal pressure, ensure that we hear out all sides, decide responsibility without fear or favor, and respect independent thinking and freedom to express views and opinions. Responsibility We work for the betterment of our nation and strive to preserve and conserve resources in all our undertakings. Teamwork We respect and trust each member of the team and work harmoniously to achieve the organization's goals. Dynamism We continuously improve and respond to the changing needs of the environment, the market and the organization. We adopt an open-minded, forward-looking and proactive stance in meeting the challenges of the future. In upholding these values, we seek the guidance of Divine Providence to attain higher levels of development. IV. S. W. O. T. ANALYSIS This is an analysis which enumerates the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Philippine Daily Inquirer has fully established a good name in the media industry. It is known as one of the best leading newspapers in the country. We have asked few people with regard to their opinion about the newspaper to determine its strengths and weaknesses. STRENGTHS †¢The main strength of PDI is their news paper Name. No matter where people live, almost everybody knows their news paper Name. †¢The Philippine Daily Inquirer is undeniably the country’s most widely read and circulated newspaper. †¢It is also the most environmentally friendly newspaper in the country, being the first local newspaper to use organic soy-based ink, 100% recycled newsprint and a resizing of the paper saving seven trees a day. †¢Following the principle of honesty, fairness and credibility when giving information. †¢One of the reputed news paper industries today. They have digital edition available to all readers. †¢Good reputation among customers. WEAKNESSES †¢PDI news paper is not readable by a commoner. †¢High cost structure. Not all people can afford the price of the news paper. OPPORTUNITIES †¢Aside from the internet (inquirer. net) and radio (radio inquirer) there is the opportunity for the famous publish er to go on television. †¢ As a medium, it helps to inform the general public to be aware of the latest events in the country in all aspects be it in the politics, showbiz, economy, etc.. Another thing is it emphasized quality news reporting which can bring up the mind of the people to think broader things in life. †¢It also helps the economy in terms of employment, as they hire people who qualify to their requirements. †¢ It plays a good competition in the media industry which can influence other media companies to perform a healthy and balance information to the public. THREATS †¢Because of the many forms of new media, people would not be interested anymore to subscribe to newspaper †¢Because of the majority of the Filipinos are uneducated, they tend to prefer to buy newspaper which are printed in tagalong. In terms of price, small media companies who print newspaper in tagalog are more affordable so they patronize more on them. †¢The computers and in ternet can affect the print media to boom the industry specifically the newspapers because they can also be read through the internet without buying them. †¢ If public would not patronize their newspaper chances would be more unemployment scenario if the company closes if they could not survive anymore. V. Competitors In the world of media, competition is never an outcast. Even television and radio stations are all aiming to be number one, and so as all the newspaper companies throughout the country. Philippine Daily Inquirer is only one of those competing newspaper companies. One of the most famous newspapers in the country is the Manila Bulletin. The Manila Bulletin (also known as the Bulletin and previously known as the Manila Daily Bulletin and the Bulletin Today) is the Philippines' largest broadsheet newspaper by circulation, followed by the Philippine Daily Inquirer. It bills itself as â€Å"The Nation's Leading Newspaper†, which is its official slogan. Founded in 1900 as a shipping journal, it is the second-oldest Philippine newspaper, second only to The Manila Times. Its name was changed from Bulletin Today on March 12, 1986. It was originally owned by a Swiss expatriate named Hans Menzi. The Manila Bulletin survived the Martial law era of President Ferdinand Marcos for propaganda purposes. The newspaper is owned by Filipino-Chinese business mogul Emilio Yap, who, aside from the Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation (the paper's controlling company), also owns the Manila Hotel, Centro Escolar University and Euro-Phil Laboratories. The company has been listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange since 1990, and had revenues of approximately US$45 million in 2004. Besides its flagship it publishes two other daily tabloids, Tempo and Balitia, as well as nine magazines such as thePhilippine Panorama, Bannawag, Liwayway, Bisaya and a host of other journals in English, Tagalog,Cebuano and other Philippine languages. Another newspaper that is reigning in the media organization today is the Philippine Star. The Philippine Star is a daily English-language broadsheet newspaper based in Manila and circulated nationwide in the Philippines. Owned and published by PhilSTAR Daily, Inc, it was founded on July 28, 1986 by veteran journalists Max Soliven, Betty Go-Belmonte and Art Borjal. The Philippine STAR has an established circulation in Hong Kong and Saudi Arabia. It is among the top three broadsheets in the country, by circulation, along with the Philippine Daily Inquirer and the Manila Bulletin, with other Philippine newspapers trailing far behind. Data from the Neilsen Media Index for the first quarter of 2008 show that the Philippine Star is the most read broadsheet in the Philippine capital of Metro Manila, with a Monday-to-Saturday readership of 47. percent. As of the last semester of 2007, the Media Index also showed the Star is the number one broadsheet among the ABC1 socio-economic class, with 47. 3 percent of the market, up from 35. 7 percent the previous year. A separate survey by the Nielsen Media Research – Print Advertising Information Service, which monitors print advertising placements, shows that in 2007, the STAR received the lion's share of advertising expenditure among all other Philippine broadsheets. It reports P2. 97 billion worth of advertising went to the Philippine Star, followed by P2. 8 billion for the Philippine Daily Inquirer, and P1. 35 billion for the Manila Bulletin. All of the leading newspapers today already have many similarities today. It only depends on how they market themselves to prove that they are better than anybody. Some of the other newspapers gaining prestige today are Manila Times, Business Mirror, Manila Tribune and many more. VI. Recommendation Philippine Daily Inquirer has already done all the best to establish their good name and image in the media industry. Based on the analysis that we did, I would like to focus more on the suggestions to improve their weaknesses and make it become part of the strength. We have stated in the weaknesses that Philippine Daily Inquirer is not readable by a commoner and it is something that seems to be a high cost structure. We would like to recommend to the company to have a Filipino version of the newspaper written in the native language so it is easier for all types of readers to understand the content and meaning. Make it friendlier to all readers. Because today, not all Filipinos are able to understand the English language and most of them belong to the middle and average classes only. Even those who are really capable of reading in the English language are not becoming interested in newspapers written in English simply because it needs a little more of effort to fully understand. When it comes to the high cost structure, we would like to recommend to the company to lessen the pages. As one of the readers of their newspaper, we find it a little too hard to understand and our interests focus only in one page or two. We don’t really like reading all of the pages of the paper. Another suggestion, make it more attractive. Just like with the advertisements of products, make it pleasing for the eyes of their readers. Also make it more affordable for the Filipino people. Media Management and Marketing Group Members: Montereza A. Veloria Natasha Kate Mendoza Ma. Theresa Cambel Carylle Estrella Charles Aguilar Monday/Thursday 6:00 pm to 7:30 pm Professor Dino Cantal

An Introduction To Knowledge Workers Management Essay

An Introduction To Knowledge Workers Management Essay For the main part of the 20th century, the industry was depended on the performance of manual workers in manufacturing. During this time the most important contribution of management was to increase the productivity of these workers to make the organization profitable and to sustain their continuity. (Drucker, 1999) But a shift has taken place. Nowadays, in the 21st century, the economy starts increasingly to depend on the performance and productivity of knowledge workers. Most businesspeople believed in the importance of knowledge workers and saw that knowledge workers are vital to organizational success which includes organizational sustainability and growth. For this reason â€Å"knowledge workers† become essential in nowadays economy (Helton, R 1988, Drucker, 1999). But what does this relatively new term ‘knowledge workers’ means? In the literature there is no common or specific definition found. (Ramirez Frey, 1997). According to their need of autonomy it i s the role of the knowledge worker to learn, constantly updating – and developing new skills, and transfer this knowledge to others in the organization. By doing this, they will make them valuable to the organization ( James, 2002). At last a knowledge worker can be defined from the perspective of an individual activity. In reference to this perspective, the balance between ‘thinking’ and ‘doing’ activities regarding their job is examined (Kelloway & Barling, 2003). However the work of knowledge workers is defined as work with high levels of cognitive activities (Helton, 1988) and where they will work with information to make decisions and create idea’s (Fox, 1990). For this reason knowledge workers tend more to the side where activities are related to ‘thinking’

BRAZIL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BRAZIL - Essay Example Dazzling beaches, lush green forests and ever awake nightlife comes together to make Brazil a magical land. In the following part a brief discussion has been led on the Brazilian Beaches and natural beauty, people, carnival and culture. Rio de Janeiro one of the most beautiful cities of the world might be termed as the crown of Brazilian beauty. Though it stands second to Sao Paulo in terms of population but is the most famous among tourists. Rio lies amidst Guanabara Bay, Copacabana, Ipanema and Leblon beaches and a lush green mountain range. However the most beautiful Brazilian beach is not in Rio or by the ocean; rather it is deep into the heart of the famous rainforests of Amazon. This beach is known as Alter do Chao. Tourists often call Amazon a green inferno considering the hot and humid climate here. If it is true then the mentioned beach is nothing short of a golden paradise. Fernando de Noronha is an archipelago at the north east coast of Brazil. It is place of clear blue wa ter when one can easily spot turtle, octopus, sharks and many other sea lives. The Brazilian authority strictly maintains the number of tourists to keep the disturbance to the natural habitat at minimal. This might be one of the most important causes that the food chain has remained unaffected here and the sharks therefore can find plenty to eat without targeting the human beings. Praia do Toque is a beach that is a bit isolated from the hue and cries of the day to day life and therefore offers perfect leisure time (McOwan). These are only a few beaches that have been mentioned here apart from these there is many others which by no means any less appealing to the tourists. Apart from beaches the rain forest of Amazon is another attraction in Brazilian tourist Map (Gray). The Brazilian part of the Amazon rain forest displays a diverse eco system and lies in the northern part of the country. At the very centre of the Brazilian part of the Amazon rain forest is the world famous Pantana l. Considering the immense natural diversity and unique eco system of the mentioned place, it has been recognised as the Patrimony of Mankind by UNESCO. With its dense vegetation that is highest in America, Pantanal is the richest and most divers of the eco systems in the world. However, Brazil is not only a country of sand, beaches and forests; it is the home of one of the most spectacular falls of the world. The Iguazu falls located almost at the border of Brazil and Argentina memorises with its immense beauty and perhaps the most alluring natural features of Brazil. (Brazil) Among all the attractions of Brazil perhaps Brazilian people occupies the first place considering their overwhelming warmth, friendliness and intense passion towards enjoying life. Like its natural diversity the people of Brazil are also diversified. The whites and the browns occupy the lion’s share followed by blacks. There are also traces of Asian and Amerindians. The intermarriage between the indige nous people, Portuguese settlers and the African slaves who were brought into Brazil to work in fields reproduced the browns that include Caboclos, Mulattos and Cafuzos. (Brazil and Africa) Most of the country’s population live in and around the urban centres of the country and the urban population displays a higher literacy rate than that of the rural population. Overall the country has a high literacy rate. The people of the country are predominantly catholic, though over that last

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE - Essay Example In-depth analysis of domestic violence is therefore required to establish the causes, effects and how to help the victims cope after the act. Traditionally, wife beating was a sign of love and respect in society (Jaffe, 2006). It was a normal practice hence the authorities could not intervene when a wife was being beaten. Men were also endowed with all resources hence power over women. Domestic violence can be classified as physical, emotional, sexual, economic and psychological violence but all forms of violence have an element of control. Johnson (2008) argues that there is a relationship between gender and domestic violence. Men are muscular in nature and hence inflict greater harm to women than women do to men and hence domestic violence is considered as women’s problem (Davis, 2006). Men are supposed to provide and protect the family against enemies hence it is intimidating for a man to be abused by his wife and therefore would rather suffer silently. They don’t report the incidences hence statistics show that only a few men are battered by their wives. Domestic violence can be as a result of economic dependence, psychological disorders, drugs and alcohol abuse or due to cultural influence. Schwartz (2004) observes that women who depend on men for survival are at a risk of economic violence. Any behavior against a man’s wish is punished by denial of financial assistance. Psychological disorders are known to aggravate the occurrence of domestic violence especially when combined with drug and alcohol abuse. People who suffer from this disorder are unable to control their emotions such as anger and hence a slight provocation leads to violence (Jaffe, 2006). Some women also lack proper defense mechanisms and hence cause severe harm to their husbands when they get a chance to apprehend them due to prolonged anger (Bankroft, 2003). Culture plays a vital role in aggravating domestic violence. Wife beating was a norm

Lesson Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Lesson Plan - Assignment Example Since the lesson comprises of new information, guided practice in identification of organisms and their habitat. The prerequisites for this experience are that the students will only require basic reading and observation skills. The diverse nature of the learners and their abilities do not necessarily limit their use of a variety of senses. Employing this fact will enhance learning in this situation. The assessment tool will be informal questioning and demonstration of knowledge and understanding. The students will be needed to indicate the kinds of habitat a presented organism is likely to be found. This makes use of cultural and ability diversity and helps improve class participation and performance. The lesson pre-requisites requires that only observational and basic reading skills will be needed. Since some of the learners with low-level reading skills and those with learning disabilities may not understand the information. The teacher will use simple instructions, to verbally communicate with these specialized groups and pointers to indicate the diagrams on the PowerPoint slides or mages. The lesson plan has incorporated group work as the primary strategy to ensure that all the learners are actively involved in the learning activities (Schultz, 2009). The groupings have taken into considerations the various forms of cultural, religious and gender diversities among the learners. Being less demanding in terms of entry requirements and pre-requisite allows all the students, with their diverse needs and abilities to take part. The lesson plan therefore identifies three active participation strategies which are group work, demonstrations and return demonstrations and question-answer sessions. This allows the learners not just to listen to the teacher but also to take part in the learning activity as well (Schultz, 2009). The lesson

Discuss critically the idea of popular art in Africa Essay

Discuss critically the idea of popular art in Africa - Essay Example among artists who had come through the Fine Art departments of West African universities, and who sometimes began to write or speak as if we should thus omit these forms of practice from consideration as ‘art.’ Susan Vogel’s 1991 Africa Explores was criticised in precisely this way, for placing artists who were in some sense part of an international art world in the same space with sign painters. Indeed, one might have all sorts of reasons for being critical of it, but one achievement of Africa Explores was to show that the diverse forms comprising the category ‘popular’ had little or nothing in common, other than their location in a largely urban environment; and yet, in practice, printmaking, sign painting, photography, masquerade, textile design, etc, may well subsist as parts of a common set of visual environments; and yet, while possibly functionally inter-related within local art worlds at some level ,for example one medium as source material fo r another, each will have its own developmental trajectory. In this essay I will discuss the idea of ‘popular’ art in Africa. I will first focus on popular arts in West Africa then I will move onto the popular arts in Central Africa. Following this, I will discuss Primitivism and the Magiciens De La Terre event in 1989 and lastly, conclude that popular art are also much more than constellations of social, political, and economic relationships — they are expressive acts. Their most important attribute is their power to communicate. African art takes many forms and is made from many different materials. Jewellery is a popular art form and is used to indicate rank, affiliation with a group, or purely for aesthetics. African jewellery is made from such diverse materials as Tigers eye stone, haematite, sisal, coconut shell, beads and ebony wood. Sculptures can be wooden, ceramic or carved out of stone like the famous Shona sculptures and decorated or sculpted pottery comes from many regions. Various forms

Guidance and Support to Meet Learning Needs Essay

Guidance and Support to Meet Learning Needs - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that special needs are requirements that occur naturally in people thereby necessitating particular attention on them. They may be psychological or medical. They usually lead to problems in learning for students. The difficulties that such students experience in learning is normally not associated with mental disability. The students possess a certain degree of intelligence, but their brain may fail to register information in the desired manner, thereby making it difficult for them to grasp information fast especially in learning institutions. Nevertheless, they are capable of studying and succeeding in academics. There are many characteristics that are exhibited by students with learning disability. These can be helpful to the teachers while trying to identify the students with special needs. The students occasionally fail to pay attention for a long period and are easily diverted by external occurrences beyond the classroom. They are norm ally forgetful and have problems of time consciousness. It is therefore difficult for them to make a proper time plan. The problem can also be exhibited in their inability to write legible handwritings and their reduced capacity to read. They usually omit some words while reading as well as pronouncing some letters incorrectly. This may be attributed to their inadequate coordination of the eyes and the hands. Understanding and adhering to instructions is usually difficult with a poor reasoning capacity, and therefore they fail to make sensible objectives.

Chinese Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chinese Film - Essay Example The reasons why film is particularly suited for semi-unimpeded movement across national borders, cultural boundaries and linguistic barriers will be illustrated in this essay through reference to Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. Through a critical analysis of this production, the essay will expose the extent to which this supposedly Chinese film is, as with cinema in general, a transnational work. Globalisation has, undoubtedly, maximised cinema's capacity to function as a transnational medium of communication. As Lu (1997) asserts, contrary to immediate assumptions, this is not because globalisation has facilitated the movement of goods and services across borders or because it is characterised by an intricate network of transnational interpersonal communication system (internet), but because film has become transnational. Ethnic and national cinema is decreasingly purely ethnic and increasingly international in scope (Lu, 1997). The veracity of the aforementioned is perfectly evidenced in Ang Lee's 'Chinese' film, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. ... Produced and released in 2000, the film won, within the context of non-English speaking cinema, unprecedented international acclaim and box office success, even scooping up four Oscars (Rose, 2001). The film's budget of fifteen million dollars was the highest ever for a Chinese language film and became the most commercially successful foreign film ever to be distributed worldwide, grossing more than two hundred million dollars in global box office receipts (Rose, 2001). Its international success cannot be divorced from the inherently transnational character of the production. As Cheshire (2001) writes, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon's director, Ang Lee, was born in Taiwan, studied theatre acting and directing at the Taiwan Academy of Arts in Taipei, received a bachelor's degree in theatre at the University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, and continued his studies in film at New York University in the nation's cultural melting pot. By the time he made Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Le e had already completed three Chinese language films and three Hollywood projects (Cheshire, 2001). In 1995, the British screenwriter and actress, Emma Thompson, invited Lee to adapt Austen's British classic Sense and Sensibility to the cinema. Then Lee took on the American suburbs of the 1970s in Ice Storm (1997) and the war-torn American South in Ride with the Devil (1999) (Cheshire, 2001). Apart from the thoroughly transnational character of its director, Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon (2000) includes such transnational artistic talents as Chow Yun-Fat (Hong Kong), Michelle Yeoh (born in Malaysia, but began her film career in Hong Kong), Zhang Ziyi (China), Chang Chen (Taiwan), and Cheng Pei-pei (Hong Kong). The cinematographer Peter Pau and fight

Week 5 Discussion - INTL5645 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 5 Discussion - INTL5645 - Assignment Example When leaving, he further instructs the lady to use a single chalk a day since the school has no adequate facilities. The lack of the basic learning facilities further compromises the quality of education that the students I the villages setups receive. Furthermore, the film does not depict any form of government intervention to salvage the sorry state of village education. The film further develops a theme on child labor. This aggravates the already bad state of education in the country. In a bid to cater for their personal effects, the destitute children take up menial jobs in the village. Lianjiang (8), asserts that â€Å"28 PERCENT OF CHILDREN LIVING IN THE COUNTRYSIDE ARE LEFT BEHIND BY THEIR PARENTS WHO SEEK EMPLOYMNET IN THE URBAN CITIES† . Wei the small inexperienced teacher comes to discover that Zhang has quit school to look for work in the city. Zhang is a child and not within the employable age, however, due to lack effective monitoring structures he finds menial jobs in the city and soon forgets about school. This casts a dark shadow on the future of the country’s economy besides securing an ever obscure future for the rural dwellers. China has one of the largest human populations in the world. Every year during winter, many Chinese usually go back home. This usually results in a logistic problems as the railway transport system gets overwhelmed. In this case, the analysis focuses on the movie The Last Train Home. In a broader perspective, the review seeks to bring to light the predicaments that Chinese immigrant workers face. Most of these Chinese workers are separated from their families. In this case, the focus is on the family illuminated on in the documentary. At the start, it is evident that the family is separated from one of their own who is called Qin. This is evident from the fact that the mother talks to her through the phone. They discuss issues regarding her report. Besides, when the

Good Fellas Essay Example for Free

Good Fellas Essay During the years of adolescence, children tend to conjure up ideas of what life will be like as an adult. Some dream of becoming a firefighter, some a teacher, but young Henry Hill is not like most children. He dreams of becoming a mob member and spends his time fantasizing about the cars and women that will come with the title. In the film Good Fellas, Martin Scorsese uses repetitive violence and poor decisions to show Henry Hill that material possessions and status are not of importance when you are reprimanded by the law, and further, how people in society tend to become blind by fortune and do not think about the consequences they could face by their actions. Scorsese creates a strong sense of what life is like for an Italian American, who is involved in the Mafia. Between the mass amount of mob movies and the reality shows available on cable, the stereotypes of Italians are not too keen. Before meeting an Italian American, a person who is over interested in food, tan, loud, hot tempered and obnoxious comes to mind. In some cases even a visual of a mob member. In this movie, Scorsese focuses on the way the mob members dress and eat, which helps create a strong image for the viewer of what is important to these characters. Once Henry started to become involved in the mob’s activities, he started to dress like them, â€Å"You look like a gangster,† his mother was appalled by his appearance. This is the first time the stereotype of how a member of a mob dressed is acknowledged. Henry shows up on the door step of his parent’s house at a young age, wearing a pressed suit and sparkling black dress shoes. He had used his earnings from the restaurant to make what he thought was an everlasting impression and to show his growing status. Shortly after Henry marries Karen, she is invited to a mob wife’s hostess party. She shows up in a designer dress and notices that â€Å"these women appear to be wearing thrown together pants suits and wearing worn makeup,† to her disgust. Later as the movie progresses Karen herself begins to adapt to this look as well. This is scene when appearances become less important and survival according to the demands of the mob is more of a focus. The aspect that never changes is how important a good meal is no matter what is going on around them and focus on the present tense. Even when Henry and Tommy have a man in the trunk, they think nothing of parking the car in a residential driveway to have a hearty meal with Tommy’s mom. Whenever life takes a turn for the worse, all is lost and the men are in prison, they still manage to prepare a five coarse meal. It is the only thing that gives them a sense of home. The members of the mob lived on the code of respect; if this was forgotten then they were forfeiting the safety that comes with being part of the crew. They were to respect the Boss and listen to whatever advice that was given. If a member were to go against him, there were consequences, â€Å"murder was the only way to keep everyone in line, if you got out of line, you got wacked,† there was no room for mistakes. It was seldom that a second chance would be granted. Once a member of the mob worked their way to the top and proved that they were loyal, they were treated extremely well. Not only did people within the mob know their status but onlookers knew as well. Henry enjoyes the amount of respect he received, he was not at the top but still had the power. He â€Å"didn’t have to wait for [his] fresh bread at the bakery, neighbors didn’t park in their driveway anymore, and the kids in the neighborhood would carry [his] mother’s groceries home for her. † This was just the beginning because as Henry grew older, he received this kind of treatment everywhere he went. Life was good. The luxuries Henry had did not come from volunteering within the community or going to college to earn a degree. These men were well known but not for their good doings. Henry explains it as being as an easy job, â€Å"if we wanted something we just took it, if someone complained they got hit so bad they didn’t again,† violence and crime was the only way to go for them. The people within the community feared them and if the police came after them, they would just pay them off or murder them and dispose of the body so it could not be pinned back on any of them. In order to become completely untouchable from the outsiders as well as the members within the mob, although, they needed Pauly. These members would go to Pauly for help, when they could not go to the police. The only problems with this is Pauly is not cheap and they needed to play by his rules. If his help was needed, he was to be paid weekly and no excuse was good enough for not having his cut when it was due. Scorsese uses violence and crime to show there was more to life than the money and fun that came along with it. It takes a bit of dirty work to get high end items if the hard work isn’t done to allow for the high end job. The members of the mob and their wives see life a bit differently than the typical working American. Henry’s wife Karen addresses this by saying â€Å"Our husbands are not Brain Surgeons; they were blue collar guys who go out and cut a few corners. † She did not see anything wrong in what Henry does as long as he comes home and treats her with all the luxuries she has become accustomed to, nothing else mattered. Henry and his accomplices did not think anything was wrong with how they lived. They enjoyed themselves and were aware of the consequences, but did not fret about them, â€Å"no one goes to jail unless they want to,† Pauly offered protection and as long as the rules were followed there was nothing to worry about. In order to get by, Henry would do everything from boot leg cigarettes, steal cargo, deal drugs and would kill anyone who gets in the way. The two that must be followed were, do not kill a Made man, which is a boss, unless you have permission and make sure you pay Pauly. Henry was living a fabulous life until he started making some bad decisions, got careless and broke the rules. Now the consequences that have been threatened have caught up with him and are starting to give him a rude awakening of what life really can be like for the average person, who does not belong to a powerful family, such as his. Henry was living life day by day and getting by doing whatever he pleases. He had the respect, the power and the wealth that he dreamt of as a young boy. But in the end it didn’t add up, he was left with nothing. All due to a few bad decisions, the materialistic rubbish and money caused Henry to be blinded from what truly should be important in life, he had cut off relationships with all of his real family and now had no one to turn to. Pauly had warned him not to get involved in the scandal that his two close accomplices Tommy and Johnny were getting involved in, but after Henry gets put into prison, he runs out of resources and needs money fast. â€Å"When you go away you are on your own,† because Pauly did not help Karen, while Henry was in jail he decides that instead of asking Pauly for help when he gets out he would take care of this misfortune of his own. He doesn’t feel as if he owes Pauly anything because Pauly did not offer help when he needed him the most. Henry locates Tommy and Johnny and creates a multimillion dollar plan. The problem that surfaces is that it will be hard to keep everyone involved quiet and some of the help decided to spend their cut of the money right away which started to draw some unwanted attention. Tommy and Johnny cannot have this become an issue, so â€Å"months after the robbery, they were finding bodies left and right, â€Å"it was obvious that there was something going on and it was starting to catch up with Henry. Pauly eventually caught up with them and had his men kill Tommy. Henry began to notice he was being followed and he thought he had everything under control but he was wrong. The Federal Government caught up with him â€Å"and now it’s all over, I am and average nobody. † In order for Henry to stay out of prison he had to become a victim of the Witness Protection Program and confessed everything, from the beginning, involving everyone and every detail. He no longer had the power or money he once had. None of it mattered anymore and he now regrets the poor decisions he had made that lead him in this direction. If he would have just listened to Pauly, he may still be living the life he once had. The director uses this end result of regret as the main theme of the movie. It holds as a message, a man may be blessed with good fortune but one bad decision can turn it all around. This film was based on a true story. The main character relives the life of the real Henry Hill to show the general public that it is okay to live life day by day and enjoy what comes with it but make sure that the consequences are acknowledged and be prepared for the outcome of the actions taken. All can be lost by a few bad decisions and there is no going back.

Wildlife Rehabilitation Center Essay Example for Free

Wildlife Rehabilitation Center Essay As a kid and an adult, I have encountered numerous occasions in which I’ve stumbled upon a neglected baby bird. Instinctually, I would think picking up the baby bird, bringing it into my home, and consoling it would be the most beneficial to the animal. After reading an article on South Plains Wildlife Rehabilitation Centers (SPWRC) website, I was surprised to learn doing the exact opposite would be better for the birds’ ultimate well-being. There are many issues that can be easily over looked because they do not necessarily affect one’s life directly. The both educational and environmentally beneficial programs at the South Plains Wildlife Rehabilitation Center can be a useful tool, to not only open one’s eyes to unseen issues, but also create a more diverse and stable local wildlife. South Plains Wildlife Rehabilitation Center hosts a variety of volunteer opportunities. In my opinion the most exciting program would be the hands on wildlife care program. This program involves, preparing meals, feeding animals, and helping with medical treatment, all while creating unique bonds with each animal. Also, the volunteer would learn the procedures for aiding the animals that are brought in for care and answering any questions about a wildlife emergency properly. If one is more drawn to the outdoors and wants more of a physical volunteer experience, helping with the building and grounds maintenance is a perfect opportunity for physical work. The program involves handy work, lawn care, landscaping, and general maintenance activities. Most importantly, this program includes the responsibility of maintaining a clean and suitable environment for the animals. Another opportunistic program with SPWRC is the environmental education program. This program is for volunteers who enjoy educating the public, it involves setting up educational materials, being able to handle educational animals, and teaching the community about the centers’ wildlife. To aid in this program volunteers will learn new materials necessary to inform the public and will also need to be open to creating ideas to help form new community outreach programs. For some volunteers who prefer to be a little more behind the scenes, there are opportunities to assist in fundraising and clerical work around the center. Fundraising will need volunteers to be able to participate and help with campaign activities. Clerical work will involve simple errands that will aid in the administrative office with staying up to date with important information. To get started with volunteering at South Plains Wildlife Rehabilitation Center, first depends on whether the volunteer is an adult or junior. Juniors’ fall under the age group of twelve to seventeen years old, because of their age, they need a parents’ approval and are restricted in helping with certain animals. An adult volunteer can help with any of the animals, if properly vaccinated and possesses a certificate with a notary seal for proof. There is also a questionnaire that must be filled out by all volunteers. After the proper vaccinations and the questionnaire have been completed, they will be sent to the volunteer coordinator. Soon after, the volunteer will be called for an orientation session, if qualified. South Plains Wildlife Rehabilitation Center is a non-profit organization that solely depends on its volunteers and the amount of donations given by the community. Without these two major factors, the rehabilitation center would not be able to function. With volunteering, an important role in this organization, there are a variety of volunteer opportunities waiting to be fulfilled. No matter how one chooses to get involved with SPWRC’s programs, the benefits of doing so echo both throughout the community and within oneself.

Radio Frequency Identification and Intelligent Parking

Radio Frequency Identification and Intelligent Parking Executive summary This report is an introduction of two sensor related technology used in modern life. Radio frequency identification (RFID) lock system and Intelligent parking assist system (IPAS) are two topics maintained in the report. In each of the topic there will be at least three parts: history and development, principle of the technology and limitations. The aim of the report is to give reader a brief knowledge of these technology. Radio frequency identification technology is mostly used on door lockers. These kind of products are commonly used in hotel rooms or the front gate of some buildings. The user can unlock the door by swiping a card or tag through the device without using the key. There is no physical contact though this process. RFID lock system (Fig.1) is identified to be safer then traditional key lock system. Additionally, it is more convenient for people to use such as to open the garage door when you are in the car. RFID technology have also been used in a variety of applications: Access management, Tracking of goods, Tracking of persons and animals, Toll collection and contactless payment, Machine readable travel documents, Smart dust (for massively distributed sensor networks), Tracking sports memorabilia to verify authenticity, Airport baggage tracking logistics, Timing sporting events FIGURE 1:Radio frequency identification (RFID) hotel lock system 1.1 History and development In 1945, Russian inventor Là ©on Theremin invented a covert listening device called The Thing which transmit audio signal through incident radio waves. Sound waves collected by a resonant cavity microphone which oscillated the resonator, which generates the reflected radio wave. This device was not an identification tag when it was built. Due to its passive, being energized and activated by electromagnetic energy from an outside source, The Thing is considered a original form of RFID technology, see Fig.2. [7]   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   FIGURE 2: the thing'(listening device) invented by Là ©on Theremin Similar to The Thing, the IFF transponder, was used in World War II by the German allies to identify aircraft (Identity: Friend or Foe) [3]. Transponders are still used nowadays. In 1948 Harry Stockman predicted that considerable research and development work has to be done before the remaining basic problems in reflected-power communication are solved, and before the field of useful applications is explored.[4] is another early work exploring RFID. Mario Cardullos device a passive radio transponder with memory, patented on January 23, 1973, was the first true prototype of modern RFID[8]. The initial device designed as a toll device was first demonstrated in 1971 to the New York Port Authority and other potential user. It was passive, powered by the interrogating signal, with 16 bit memory. The basic Cardullo patent take RF, sound and light as transmission media. The original business plan was targeted to transportation (automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license plate, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic check book, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates, surveillance) and medical (identification, patient history) in 1969. In 1973, Steven Depp, Alfred Koelle, and Robert Frayman performed an early demonstration of reflected power (modulated backscatter) RFID tags, both passive and semi-passive at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. [5] The portable system operated at 915 MHz and used 12-bit tags. Today, the majority of UHFID and microwave RFID tags is using this technique. The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to Charles Walton in 1983. [6] 1.2 Principles of RFID technology Radio frequency identification system use radio wave to transmit information between tags and readers, see Fig.3. Certain information in the tag can be identified by the reader which can be used to unlock a door. In the tag there is a coil and a micro chip, the chip will respond when the tag is close to the reader through electromagnetic field. The coil in the reader act as a power source, meanwhile it is also an antenna to receive the data transmit by the tag, see Fig.4. [1]    (b) FIGURE 3:(a) RFID reader, (b) tags FIGURE 4: Working of RFID 1.2.1 Tags Radio frequency identification system use tags or labels as identifications. Two-way radio transmitter-receivers as known as interrogators or readers send a signal to the tag and read its response. There are three type of RFID tags passive, active or battery-assisted passiveà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ »9à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ½. An active tagà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ »10à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ½ is battery charged and its ID signal is periodically transmitted. One example of an active tag is the transponder attached to an aircraft that identifies its national origin [2]. Olivetti Research Ltds Active Badge, used to determine the location of people and objects in a building is an example of a small wearable active tag with a lifetime of about 1 year [11]. A battery-assisted passive (BAP) has a small on-board battery and is activated when in the range of an RFID reader. A passive tag is the cheapest and smallest among these three there is no battery in it the tag uses the radio energy from the electromagnetic field cause by the reader instead. However, passive tag requires a much stronger radio transmitter than for signal transmission. Tags could be read-only or read/write. Read-only tags have a serial number wrote in from the factory that is used as a key into a database, while read/write ones can have data write by system users. Field programmable tags can be write-once, read-multiple; blank tags can be written with an electronic product code by the user. Passive RFID tags contain at least three parts: a circuit, an antenna and some form of encapsulation, see Fig.5. [3]. The integrated circuit is used for storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal, collecting DC power from the incident reader signal, and other specialized functions; and the antenna for receiving power and transmitting the signal. The RFID tag includes either fixed or programmable logic for processing the transmission and sensor data, respectively. FIGURE 5:Logical components of an RFID tag. Note that the antenna can take many forms including a coil and a dipole depending on the tag type An RFID reader send an encoded radio signal to the tag. The tag then receives the message and communicates back with its identification and other information. This may be a unique tag serial number, product-related information, a password or other specific information. Since tags have individual serial numbers, the RFID system can discriminate among several tags and read them simultaneously when they are within the range of the RFID reader. 1.2.2 Readers Radio frequency identification system can be defined into 3 types by different tags and readers. A Passive Reader Active Tag (PRAT) system is a combination of passive reader (only receives radio signals) and active tags (battery operated, transmit only). The operation range of a Passive Reader Active Tag system reader can be adjusted from 0-600 m. Which allows flexibility in applications such as asset protection and supervision. An Active Reader Passive Tag (ARPT) system has an active reader, which transmits interrogator signals and also receives authentication replies from passive tags. An Active Reader Active Tag (ARAT) system uses active tags awoken with an interrogator signal from the active reader. A variation of this system could also use a Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP) tag which acts like a passive tag but has a small battery to power the tags return reporting signal. The signal intensity of readers can be set up to create a specific interrogation zone. A highly defined reading area can be created for when tags go in and out of the interrogation zone. Mobile readers may be hand-held or mounted on carts or vehicles. 1.3 A comparison between traditional KC system and RFID locking system The keycard (KC) lock system can be a lock operated by a keycard, a flat, rectangular plastic card with identical dimensions. The card stores a physical or digital signature which can be accepted by door mechanism. There are several common types of keycards in use, including the mechanical hole card, barcode, magnetic stripe, Wiegand wire embedded cards, smart card (embedded with a read/write electronic microchip), and RFID cards. Corresponding systems operate by physically moving detainers in the locking mechanism with the insertion of the card, by shining LEDs through a pattern of holes in the card and detecting the result, by swiping or inserting a magnetic stripe card, or in the case of RFID cards, merely being brought into close proximity to a sensor. RFID locks operate differently to the traditional magnetic and chip card hotel locks, using Radio Signals in order to communicate between the guests Keycard and the Lock. The older Magnetic Swipe and Chip Card systems have several drawbacks including short life cycle, impact on magnetic field, limited data storage. The older Keycard have to be inserted into the door lock. Scratches appears on the reading surface due to the physical contact between the magnetic stripe (or the Chip) and the reader. This eventually makes the cards unreadable by the lock. It will also cause failure when writing the card at the encoding station. The average life span of such a magnetic strip Key Card or chip cards is about 200 to 500 uses[3]. The older Keycard can easily be affected by small magnetic field (even interference from Mobile Phones), which makes the card unreadable and hence needing replacement. The traditional cards have a small memory capacity which makes it difficult to integrate cards with equipment like Lifts, Car Park Barriers, Vending Machines. The RFID Locks are contactlessà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’it operates by presenting the Key Card to the lock. The lock then reads the information stored on the card by means of RFID, and grants access to the room to valid cards. There is no physical contact between the lock and the card. With the help of RFID technology, magnetic strip or visible micro chip can be discard from the card and hence eliminates damage cause by physical contacts. This gives RFID card virtually unlimited life span. There is no need to replace or clean the reader heads. In addition the locks are free from opening slots preventing ingress of dirt, dust and other outside influences, prolonging the lifespan of the lock itself. 1.4 Limitations Although Radio frequency identification offers the benefits of relatively low cost compared to other wireless technology, being physically unobtrusive and enabling detailed stock tracking, it still has limitations. The cost of tags depends on their type. In the 2003 report RFID Systems in the Manufacturing Supply Chain [14]. Thought RFID tag can cost as little as a few cents and the cost has fallen over time, however, it still requires investment to install on a good. Comparing to the value of some goods it is not economically viable for tagging them. Especially for active tags (those that require a local power source), which can cost up to a dollar each. Different signals from the tags may interfering with one another. A February 2011 paper for the International Journal of Computer and Electric Engineering notes that it isnt easy to read multiple RFID tags simultaneously [1]. There is Computerized techniques for detangle such signals, but implementing and managing these techniques increases costs. [12][13] NFC and EPC global standards are two wide-scale adoption standards for RFID, but they are fundamentally incompatible [3]. Lack of standards is an issue when two different companies attempt to share and tracking RFID information. The IJCEE paper notes that RFID does not have fixed technical standards. Cooperating partners in RFID industry need to agree in standards concerning communication protocols, signal modulation types, data transmission rates, data encoding and frames, and collision handling algorithms. [1] There are three large regions of frequency allocations in the world the Americas; Asia and Australasia; and Europe and Africa. The variations in wireless frequencies ranges limits companies that want to use RFID tracking for international inventory management.[1] Intelligent Parking Assist System is a comfort function in some of the vehicles. The first system coming in the market monitored the front and rear of the vehicle and warned the driver if there is any object beside the vehicle. Ultrasonic sensors are wildly used in this technology. Together with ultrasonic sensors, video technology and some algorithms the vehicle itself is able to measure the length of a parking space and steer itself to the parking lot. Drivers must care only for the longitudinal control of his vehicle. 2.1 History and development In 1999 Toyota Motor Corporation developed The Advanced Parking Guidance System (APGS) for Lexus models in the United States initially for the Japanese market hybrid Prius models and Lexus models. The system assists drivers in parking their cars.[15][16]Vehicles equipped with the IPAS can drive itself into a parking lot with little control from the user. The Prius Hybrid sold in Japan in 2003 installed the first version of the system.[17] In 2006, an upgraded version of the system on the Lexus LS luxury sedan[18] featured the automatic parking technology among other brand new inventions from Toyota. In 2009, the third generation Prius sold in the U.S has this feature. In Asia and Europe, the automatic parking technology is labelled as the IPAS for both Lexus and Toyota models, while in the U.S. the Advanced Parking Guidance System is only used for Lexus cars. Intelligent Parking Assist System initially was designed for reverse parallel parking.[17] The system estimated the location of the parking lot and steered the vehicle without Drivers intervention. Onboard computer used a camera and sensors built into the forward and rear of the car to detected the proximity of nearby vehicles. The dashboard showed an real-time image of the lot with a box, and the driver have to determine the exact final position of the vehicle in the lot by using arrows appeared on the screen. When satisfied, the user pressed the Set button, which will activated the IPAS. The system then took over steering control to maneuver the vehicle.[19] Early versions of this system cant detect objects properly, including cats, baby prams and pedestrians. Secondly when the driver used IPAS in a small space, the system continuously warning the user of the danger of hitting the object. User assistance is required in such situations. In 2005, recognition capability is added to the system for parking stripes.[19] A later version of this parking technology integrated the system with parking sensors in 2006.[19] This version calculated the steering movements needed for parallel or reverse parking, and help determine weather the car has enough clearance for a particular space with colored screen display. 2.2 Function Intelligent parking assist system is widely used in some of the Toyota, Lexus cars, even worlds top sport car McLaren P1 has IPAS. Following information is the instruction of IPAS in Toyota Prius Owners Manual.[20] Step 1: Drive your Toyota Prius up until you see the spot youd like to park in. It may be behind you or in front of you (unlike those of the Ford models, where the only thing you can do with their system is parallel park the car using its system).(Fig.6) FIGURE 6:IPAS instruction 1 Step 2: Press the ParkAssist button near the drivers side of the dashboard. (Fig.7) FIGURE 7:IPAS instruction 2 Step 3: Make sure that the back end of your vehicle is further forward than the spot your vehicle has been designated to be parked in.(Fig.8) FIGURE 8: IPAS instruction 3 Step 4: Look at your screen up on the dashboard. The vehicle will light up spots that it thinks there is a viable enough parking space located in. Not only will it light up the screen, but it will beep to alert you that there is a parking spot nearby that it can choose. Look for spots that turn into blue square areas. The vehicle can already determine that these spots are big enough and well suited enough to park the car there. (Fig.9) FIGURE 9: IPAS instruction 4 Step 5: Touch to fine-tune the parking space you believe would be a working space to park in. Use the arrow points on the screen to fine-tune the spot. Look for the car to find out what area you may be indicating as you move around the parking lot. The arrows will select the spot, and will highlight the spots. (Fig.10) FIGURE 10: IPAS instruction 5 Step 6: Adjust the parking space its designated.(Fig.11) FIGURE 11: IPAS instruction 6 Step 7: Touch the OK button in the bottom right corner of the dashboard screen.(Fig.12) FIGURE 12: IPAS instruction 7 Step 8: Put your car in Reverse gear and only keep your foot on the brake pedal. Operate only the brake pedal, as you park the car. (Fig.13) FIGURE 13: IPAS instruction 8 Step 9:Put your foot on the brake pedal, when youve backed up far enough without running through the building or into any designated non-parking areas.(Fig.14) FIGURE 14: IPAS instruction 9 Step 10: Cancel the guidance feature on your vehicle by pressing the X button on the display. (Fig.15) FIGURE 15: IPAS instruction 10 2.3 Principle of IPAS technology The IPAS use computer to process signals from the vehicles sonar warning system, backup camera and two additional forward sensors on the front side fenders(Fig.16). The sonar park sensors including multiple sensors on the forward and rear bumpers which detect objects, allowing the vehicle to calculate optimum steering angles during regular parking. [19] The Intelligent Parking Assist System expands on the function of these sensors and is accessible when the vehicle is shifted to reverse (which automatically activates the backup camera). The central processor calculates the best parallel or reverse park steering angles and then implement with the Electric Power Steering systems of the vehicle to guide the car into the parking spot. FIGURE 16: front sensors 2.4 Sensor technologies in Intelligent parking assist system 2.4.1 Ultrasonic sensor In the past 20 years, Ultrasonic sensors are used for many applications for military application in submarines, in Medicine for diagnostics, and as sensors for distance measurement in industry. Automotive applications use piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers since 1993 as they are small and robust.(Fig.17) The piezoelectric effect describes electromechanical property of a crystal. a mechanical deformation appears when a piezoelectric crystal is applied an electric field on its two sides. A mechanical deformation of the crystal can also generate an electric voltage measured at the crystals electrodes. The voltage is proportional to the deformation. Thus piezoelectric materials can be used as high frequency (ultrasonic) oscillation generators and sound wave receiver. An ultrasonic piezoelectric element can be considered as a loudspeaker and a microphone in one unit, therefore it is known as transducers. [21] FIGURE 17: the cross section of the car ultrasonic sensor 2.4.2 Video technology 2.4.2.1 CCD and CMOS technology CCD and CMOS are wildly used as image sensors. In a charge-coupled device (CCD), electrical charge move within the device to an area where the charge can be manipulated. Linear array of MOS capacitances are combined so that a stored photo charge can be moved. Photo charge pairs are generated in the semiconductor under the influence of incident light. Interline-transfer CCDs are the mostly used type in automobile applications. (Fig.18) The charges are sequentially and vertically transferred to a register. [22] FIGURE 18: Interline-transfer CCD [21] CMOS sensors use non-integrating photodiodes which are independent from the exposure time. It has a characteristic similar to the human eye which means CMOS has a high dynamic range. CMOS sensors have more advantages than the more generally used CCDs: they have lower costs by taking advantage of submicron CMOS technology. Several functionalities can be integrated on the sensor itself. The power consumption is low as the circuitry in each pixel only activated during the readout period, there is no clock signal driving large capacitance as well. Readout speed can be enhanced by parallel access to multiple taps of the pixel array. As a result, CMOS sensors are favored using on automotive. 2.4.2.2 Video Cameras and Vision System FIGURE 19: structures and camera system structures of Parking and maneuver assistance systems There are four structures of video cameras, see Fig.19. The camera for photo only has a standard NTSC- format of its video data. Meanwhile, digital cameras with a LVDS interface are mostly used. The camera parameters can be controlled by an external CPU with the optional LIN/CAN interface. With the help of internal Graphic Processing Unit (GPU), smart cameras can extract features from the picture and thus provide additional information to the device. Due to the space and thermal conditions, these cameras are limited in its functionality. They are a combination of a digital camera with an external GPU called smart system in which two components can be connected via LVDS. An multi-camera system typically has more cameras in used. 2.5 Limitations on Parking Assistance Systems Ultrasonic technology has some limitations in functionality as follow. Sound absorbing materials are hardly seen by the system. The system has a short detection range for people who wears absorbing cloths. The system will be influenced by objects in the vicinity of the own vehicle, in particular the noise of compressed air like truck brakes. The detection range may differ by mud or snow covered on it under severe weather conditions.[23] Video technology has also restrictions: visibility range of cameras may reduced by poor weather conditions (Silicon sensor technology will have a significant impact). Like the ultrasonic sensor, camera lenses may be covered with mud or snow at poor weather conditions and must be cleaned frequently. Due to their limited performance, Parking systems based on ultrasonic sensors and cameras are therefore defined as comfort systems.[23] Ultrasonic sensors and video cameras are excellent supplement to each other for their different physical principles. Each technology has individual strengths supporting the weaknesses of the other. The camera-based system can be improved by being combined with an ultrasonic system with the ability to measure the distance to objects. This allows the detection of objects while visual quality is poor for the camera system. The video picture together with an ultrasonic parking system contains much more information for the driver. This is an important step towards more detection security and functional safety.[23] Radar sensors with a longer detection range can be mounted behind the bumper of the vehicle. They may be used for IPAS as well as for safety functions like collision avoidance or collision mitigation. [23] Radio frequency identification (RFID) and Intelligent parking assist system (IPAS) are wildly used in our daily life. This report discussed RFID in the field of electrical lock system and IPAS in car industry. The first RFID device was developed to be a mobile toll system, and the similar technology was invented to be an espionage tool back in 1945. Radio frequency identification use radio wave as a medium in communication between reader and tag. An RFID tag can be either passive or active. A passive tag is powered by electromagnetic field generated by the reader, while an active tag has its own battery. The reader send signal to interrogate the tag, the tag will respond when it is in the range of the reader. The data in the tag can be used as a key to unlock doors so that RFID lock system are generally used in hotels. Since the RFID has its contactless characteristic, RFID locker is better than traditional keycard mechanism. Locks with RFID technology have a longer life cycle and low maintain expense. However, it still has some drawbacks in cost, signal interference, frequency, standard. IPAS was first developed on Lexus models, the technology integrated ultrasonic sensor, camera system, electrical steering system and on board computer. The vehicle will drive itself to the parking lot without the drivers assist. The two main components ultrasonic sensor and camera supporting the weaknesses of the other. The ultrasonic sensors are used to detect surrounding objects while the camera is used to locate the parking area. The system has its limitations in signal interference, natural factors. References [1] Mandeep Kaur, Manjeet Sandhu, Neeraj Mohan and Parvinder S. Sandhu, RFID Technology Principles, Advantages, Limitations Its Applications, International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Dec. 2011. [2] K. Finkelzeller, The RFID Handbook, 2nd ed., John Wiley Sons, 2003. [3] Roy. Want, RFID Explained: A Primer on Radio Frequency Identification Technologies, Morgan Claypool, 2006. [4] Stockman, Harry (October 1948), Communication by Means of Reflected Power, Proceedings of the IRE, 36 (10): 1196-1204. [5] Real Time Location Systems (PDF). clarinox. Retrieved 2010-08-04. [6] Charles A. Walton Portable radio frequency emitting identifier U.S. Patent 4,384,288 issue date May 17, 1983 [7] Hacking Exposed Linux: Linux Security Secrets Solutions (third ed.). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. 2008. p. 298. ISBN [8] Genesis of the Versatile RFID Tag. RFID Journal. Retrieved 2013-09-22. [9] R. Want and D. Russell, Ubiquitous electronic tagging, IEEE DS-Online. [10] D. J. Moore, R. Want, et al., Implementing phicons: Combining computer vision with infrared technology for interactive physical icons, in Proc. ACM UIST99, Ashville, NC, pp. 67-68, Nov. 8-10, 1999. [11] R. Want, A. Hopper, V. Falcao, and J. Gibbons, The active bad

The Nurse to Patient Ratio is Important Essay -- Nursing Essays

An English Nurse who laid the foundation for professional nursing, Florence Nightingale stated, â€Å"It may seem a strange principle to enunciate as the very first requirement in a hospital that it should do the sick no harm.† Acute care facilities try to maintain low costs and employ quality nurses, making the nurse-to-patient ratio become more of an issue with patient care. Nearly every person’s health care experience involves the contribution of a registered nurse, and the effects of not having an appropriate nurse to patient minimum ratio affects not only the patient and nurse physically, medically, but also the hospital financially. Determining nurse-to-patient ratios is a difficult task with no single or definite solution and many variables exist to develop guidelines to cover every possible situation in an acute care facility. There are two boards of the state of Ohio that help with patient safety and keeping a safe workplace for the healthcare professional such a nurse. The first board is the Ohio board of Nursing, and the following is their description of what they are responsible for: The Board exists solely to enforce the law and rules regulating practice. The Board has authority to establish requirements individuals must meet to obtain a license or certificate to practice nursing or provide dialysis care in Ohio. The Board approves pre-licensure nursing education programs and dialysis training programs, oversees the licensure examination of nurses, and takes disciplinary action when a licensee or certificate holder violates the law. These activities help to assure that only qualified individuals provide care to the public. The Board does not exist to advance the interests of the nursing profession or dialysis t... ...s, C., & Hess, R. (2009). Registered Nurses' Perceptions of Nurse Staffing Ratios and New Hospital Payment Regulations. Nursing Economic$, 27(6), 372-376. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. Costello, M. (2002). JCAHO workforce report says staff levels affect quality, safety. AHA News, 38(31), 1. Retrieved from Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition database. Garretson, S. (2004). Nurse to patient ratios in American health care. Nursing Standard, 19(14-16), 33-37. Griffiths, P. (2009). Staffing levels and patient outcomes. Nursing Management - UK, 16(6), 22-23. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.

Legal Advice and Funding :: Papers

Legal Advice and Funding Michelle wants to claim compensation for the injuries she has suffered in an accident. Identify and briefly describe where she could obtain advice about a possible claim. There are many places that offer advice regarding British law but few people know how to access these services. If Michelle looks in the right places she can obtain this legal advice for free. There are places that are funded by charities and there's also places like the Citizens Advice Bureau which is primarily funded by the government. If you were setting out to obtain legal advice, places like these is where you should start, they aim to provide access to justice to everyone who needs it. The CAB has over 2000 bureaux throughout the country. Volunteers that aren't actually legally qualified provide 'free, independent and confidential advice' on a variety of issues. They have arrangements with solicitors who will give a free initial interview. Five million people use this service every year. Another place for free advice is a law centre. There are only 51 law centres in the country (as of April 2003) and they are normally situated in socially deprived areas. Law centres provide free and independent, professional, legal advice as it is required in the area. They are staffed by solicitors, barristers, legal advisors and community workers who are paid and the funding for these salaries comes from local authorities and the Community Legal Service Fund. Some law centres will be better than others a factor that affects this is the demand for legal advice in the area. If Michelle went to a Law Centre she could expect to receive advice on issues like welfare rights, immigration, housing, employment, discrimination, mental health, juvenile crime, disability and children's rights. Another place which is probably overlooked quite a lot is organisations like the AA and R.A.C. However organisations like this will probably only help you with issues which relate to the organisations area of business. Also you must be a paying member to

A Comparison of Wealth in Antony and Cleopatra and The Tempest Essay

The Importance of Wealth in Antony and Cleopatra and The Tempest  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Wealth and it’s relationship to poverty figures in heavily in two of the plays we have read thus far in class. In both Antony and Cleopatra and The Tempest we are treated to characters and situations that deal with wealth and poverty. Specifically however, both plays have visions of an abundance of wealth that seems at times both corruptible and foolish. In Antony and Cleopatra we have their excessive behavior and flaunting, which proves to be a vice that grips them much to tightly. In The Tempest, characters stranded on a deserted island have their own unique versions of achieving that said abundance. Shakespeare treats the topic similarly in both plays, and uses it to expose the very nature of abundance.    For example, in Antony and Cleopatra we are treated to many scenes describing the level of excess the title characters are involved in. In Act 3, scene 6 Shakespeare writes, Here’s the manner of’t: I’th’ market-place, on a tribunal silver’d, Cleopatra and himself in chairs of gold Were publicly enthron’d. At their feet sat Caesarian, whom they call my father’s son, And all the unlawful issue that their lust Since then hath made between them. Unto her He gave the stablishment of Egypt, made her Of lower Syria, Cyprus,Lydia, Absolute Queen  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (2-10).    With that passage, Shakespeare (through Caesar) is criticizing the lavishness and public showings of both Antony and Cleopatra. He seems to think it grotesque to have them sitting in front of everyone in â€Å"chairs of gold†.    Even earlier, Antony’s abundant behavior is made obvious. Shakespeare writes, â€Å"he fishes, drinks, and wastes/The lamps of night in ... ... riches? His want of this abundance is like the others, made worse by the fact that he at first had no idea what it was. He had something better (although some would view him as poor), and now a glimpse of wealth has changed him.    In the end, by looking at these two plays, we can see that wealth can indeed be a corrupting force in Shakespeare’s world. Although wealth may not necessarily be just money. It can come in many forms; power, idleness, etc. And in today’s world where money-winning game shows are what pass for culture and entertainment, it seems all the more relevant.    Works Cited:    The Riverside Shakespeare: Second Edition Houghton Mifflin Company Boston/New York   G. Blakemore Evans and J.J.M Tobin eds. Shakespeare’s The Tempest: World’s Classics The Oxford Shakespeare. Oxford University Press New York/London.   Ed. Stanley Wells   

Production and the Workforce Essay

Corporate culture and the potential of ethical and legal issues should be of concern to a job candidate because, after all, the applicant is striving to be a part of that organization; therefore those matters of importance which might affect how the applicant is treated once he is hired should be of foremost importance for the candidate to know. It can help the applicant to avoid making unwise employment decisions (Gibson, 2002), as well as aid in the actual interview process, by having the knowledge of the right things to say and when to say it. These issues should also concern current employees, as being already inside the confines of the organization, they will be the persons most affected by the culture and the ethical and legal issues which may arise while they are employed by the company. For instance, a potential legal issue about compensation should already be known by employees so that they may do something about the matter, otherwise, they will be the ones to suffer about unresolved concerns, particularly the subject about remuneration. Managers, above all, should be highly familiar with the corporate culture and the potential of ethical and legal issues within his/her authority, as they will be looked up to by subordinates to facilitate the inculcation of the culture to all members of the organization as well as deal with ethical and legal issues which may arise concerning employees under his/her control. The community where the business operates should also somehow be concerned with the culture and the potential issues of the organization, as they are stakeholders, as well, in where such an issue as corporate social responsibility falling under ethical and legal matters would directly affect the community because how the business carries on with its activity is sure to reverberate effects to the community, whether this particular group likes it or not. Different aspects of the corporate culture and potential ethical and legal issues are typically of more importance to the various stakeholders, depending on what they are concerned of. Where internal stakeholders are found to be more concerned about culture, external stakeholders are likely to focus on ethical and legal issues concerning them.

How Far Was Political Opposition to the Tsar Divided 1881-1905?

How far was political opposition to the Tsar divided in their aims and methods, 1881-1905? Political opponents of the Tsar were clearly divided in their aims and methods, and consequentially may have contributed to the survival of Tsarist Russia. The main parties were the Social democrats (Bolsheviks and Mensheviks), Social Revolutionaries and Liberals (Octobrists and Kadets). Each of these radical parties had their own separate beliefs on what Russia needed and each aimed for some sort of change. However, within the groups, there were many issues, which they refused to work with each other to solve.The SR believed that Russia’s future lay with the peasantry and so they wanted to give peasants their own land and improve living conditions for working classes. They used tactics such as terrorism and assassinations, such as the assassination of Alexander II. The Liberals also aimed to deal with these social problems facing Russia while establishing a democracy. However, the Liber als, especially Octobrists, did not agree with the violent tactics. They preferred votes and discussions as a way to put across their opinion. In fact, the Liberals were the most moderate of all the radical parties in Russia.They wanted to abolish autocracy and have the power shared between a democratic government. Similarly, the Social Democrat party also wanted to establish a democracy but, once again, without their aggressive methods. While the SR had a terrorist wing, the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks preferred using propaganda campaigns. Although there are some similarities in the aims of the parties, the major differences in methods used meant that each group’s strength alone was not enough to achieve their own specific goals and even though the groups did have some tactics such as propaganda in common, it was not enough.The parties all also pursued support from different groups of the population. For example, while the Liberal Kadets got support from the educated middle cl ass, the Bolsheviks sought support from dedicated revolutionaries. Therefore, with no one party gaining support from a majority, it was hard for one to stand out and become a major threat to the Tsar at the time. Support came from the way each party appealed to the public. For example, while the SR carried out a wave of political assassinations in order to onvey their drastic belief of abolishment of Tsarism, their ideas of peasant ownership of land would spread and so peasants would support them and so would radical revolutionaries. In this way, they developed the â€Å"Russian Union of Peasants. † However, people who believed in non-violent methods would support the Liberals who are more moderate. This way, the parties will not get enough support to stand a chance against the main reasons why Tsarism should stay. These include the church, the belief of the divine right, the army and the Okhrana which were very effective in keeping the Tsar in a state of power.

China Dolls Essay

The case started with the dilemma faced by the protagonist, Jeffry Cheong when both of his major clients KiKi and Houida (European fashion houses) was writing to Jeffry to inform him that they may be looking forward to China as the prices are very competitive. Jeffry Cheong was managing director at Haute Couture Fashions Bhd (HCF). Loss of its major two clients (KiKi and Houida) would be catastrophic to HCF as now the financial statement of HCF showed HCF has been experiencing falling margins and profit over the last few years. HCF was established in 1974 by the Tan family with the first fully equipped factory in Penang Island. The founder was Tan Boon Kheong with a skilled master cutter, trained by British master cutter in the 1950 in Penang. He started the HCF with a small but successful business tailoring men’s clothing in Argyll Road, Penang until his retirement in 1980. Peter Tan, the eldest son of Tan Boon Kheong was left to Europe when he was 20 years old and returned t o Malaysia with a wealth of experience of both men and women’s fashion. During that time, there was a trend of European clothes manufacturers looking at Asia for outsourcing. By having that opportunity, Peter started his business venture, especially with the European fashion houses. Due to limited production capacity, the second factory was opened in Butterworth in July 1980. HCF’s sales continued to experience growth throughout the early 1980s to mid 1990s and number of customers had also increased. Thus, in 1990, HCF opened its third factory in Jitra, Kedah. In 1995, due to non-stop increasing demand for its clothes, the fourth factory was opened in Chieng Mai, Thailand. However, in 1998, Peter Tan decided to shut down the Penang Island factory to cut operating costs due to loss suffered by the HCF during that year. After few years, its profitability increased progressively and HCF pulled itself out of the loss making situation. Issues 1. Possibility of losing two major clients Currently, China is moving towards emerging market economic which means its economic is changing dramatically. This country was once socialist states but have been largely transformed into capitalism-based system, partly through a process of privatization. China is the largest emerging market and its economy continues to grow at a remarkable rate as well as its role in  international business. China has population of 1.3 billion, one fifth of the world’s total population. Due to that, China is offering low labour cost. From that offer, operating expenses can be reduced and then the revenue will be increased. Therefore, many companies looking forward to outsource from China as the prices are very competitive. When Jeffrey was informed that their two major clients was going to China to â€Å"contract manufacture†, it could contribute a major loss to the HCF as KiKi and Houida have generated a big percentage of sales to HCF. At the same, HCF has been experiencing falling margins and profits over the last few years. 2. Moving operations to China As suggested by Elaine, the sales and marketing Director, HCF should consider to expand its manufacturing in China. By doing that, HCH could able to retain KiKi and Houida as its customers and supply the clothes at lower prices. However the issue is whether to set up HCF own factory in China or joint venture with a Chinese manufacturer. The details on these two possible ways of expanding into China are as follows:- HCF own factory Joint venture Cost RM 15 million RM 2.4 million Time taken to be able to serve the customers 18 months 6 months Risk Lower Higher Dependency Independence Loose its independence Factory capacity Similar capacity as in Malaysia One and half times as in Malaysia Table 1 As showed in table 1, both ways have its own advantages and disadvantages to the HCF. Thus, it was very critical decision for the management to choose the best way of expanding operations in China. 3. Closed down current factories (resale, pulling down or board up) If HCF decided to move in China, then the factories in Malaysia and Thailand need to be closed down. This is because, if they were choose to maintain the current factories while having the new one in China then a lot of costs need to be incurred. According to Financial Controller, Daniel Tan, the factories in Butterworth and Penang have a reasonable value as its equipment were only recently purchased in 2007. In addition, HCF would be able to sell the land for a significant profit as they were located in a fast developing area. The factories would be able to sell around RM 8.5 million. Unlike, factories in Jitra and Chieng Mai have very low resale value as it were located in rural areas. Since it was difficult to sell these two factories the only option would be to shut down the factories. To do so, the factories have to be pulled down that would cost HCF RM 1.2 Million. If not, the factory would become a haven for d rug addicts. In another way, HCF can choose to board up the factories for a cost of RM 200 000. Moreover, Daniel expects minimum redundancy payments around RM 3.0 million besides the above expenses. If HCF were to completely close down the Malaysian operations, a large number of employees will have to be retrenched and to be sad enough many of them have been with HCF for more than 10 years.