Knowledge management and innovation

Information the board and development As of late, there are an enormous number of scholastic articles, which have been centered around the subject of information the board and development. Both scholastic scientists and callings appear to concur that information is the most significant resource of a firm (Garcã ­a-Muiã ±a et al., 2009). In addition, Hsiangchu and Tsai-Hsin (2002) recommended that the organizations information is the primary upper hand for a company. Along these lines, overseeing information in associations could be considered as a key factor for the accomplishment in todays business world. There are four significant components in the information procedure which incorporates making information, coordinating information, sharing information and systematizing information (Newell et al. 2009). An examination by Teece et al. (1997 refered to Leiponen 2006) recommended that the formation of information can have the significant impacts on execution of an enterprise. While different scientists referenced that making information isn't incredible enough and far reaching information sharing and coordination of an association are shown its prosperity (Okhuysen and Eisenhardt, 2002). The objective of this paper is to audit the current writing on information the executives and apply these hypotheses in mix with certain instances of different associations to break down primary vital information reason for an association by looking at one explicit contextual analysis of a biopharmaceutical organization Panther Biotech The improvement of a radical new restorative for an intense provocative illness. One might say that the contextual investigation gives a genuine case of overseeing information and development in an information escalated firm. In addition, this paper will likewise give an inside and out examination of how Panther Biotech puts forth an attempt to present great practices in information sharing and information joining so as to improve its new medication advancement process. Definition Information As indicated by Davenport and Prusak (1998) the meaning of information is depicted as Knowledge is a liquid blend of encircled understanding, values, relevant data, master understanding and grounded instinct that gives a situation and system to assessing and joining new encounters and data starts. There are various meanings of information however this definition could be one of the most referenced definitions in the writing of this field. Also, various types of information, for example, inferred, unequivocal and understood at the individual, social and hierarchical levels should be considered so as to uncover its expected commitment to the exhibition of the firm (Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995, Spender 1996). Information the executives In today business, one might say that a large portion of firms demonstrate their push to apply information the board so as to improve business exhibitions or to advance development process. As indicated by McIrnerney (2002), information the executives is characterized as a push to increment helpful information inside the firm by advancing correspondence, offering chances to learn, and advancing the sharing and move of fitting information. Information the executives can be characterized as the arrangement of exercises that empower the creation, stockpiling, circulation, and use of information in associations (Chow et al. 2005). Various meanings of information and its administration shows the assorted variety of the information the board forms going from information creation, sharing, joining, codification, move, search, stockpiling, use, etc. Information Intensive firms A Knowledge serious firm has been characterized by Alvensson (2004) as an association which sell information based items or the utilization of information to the market. It tends to be said that the center exercises of this firm dependent on the information on an enormous number of workers. Development Verloop (2004 refered to Khiji et al., 2006) portrays development as another thought or idea made by RD exercises and fruitful advancement requires changes in hierarchical procedures and change of a thought into a monetarily useable item. Other researcher characterizes advancement as a procedure: the turn of events and usage of new thoughts by individuals who after some time take part in exchanges with others in an institutional setting (Van de Ven, 1986). Writing audit of Knowledge the board and Innovation The rising of the idea of information based social orders, our social orders have been moving progressively to become information social orders (Hsiangchu and Tsai-Hsin 2002). Rising nations like China and India are moving their assembling based economies to information based economies, and these two nations could be the principle string to the US and Western economies. For instance, China and India are the two greatest markets for IT re-appropriating. A modern based economy changes to the data age or information based period and results of information and information works are turning out to be principle hotspots for firms and countries to make benefits and upper hands (Newell et al. 2009). The significant preferred position of China when contrast and different countries could be a copious gracefully of modest information laborers. Thus, it could be recommended that overseeing information and the administration of information laborers assume a significant job in the achievement of t he organizations and the countries also. During the most recent two decades, there has been a developing in the quantity of specialists which lead their exploration in the field of information and its administration. Research on this field has been likewise gotten a fruitful history (Argote et al., 2003). These researchers additionally recommended that examination on information the board traverses a wide range of territories, for example, financial matters, data frameworks and hierarchical conduct and hypothesis (Argote et al., 2003). The decent variety of information the board look into shows the extraordinary effect of this field in numerous orders along these lines biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry probably won't be stood apart of this pattern. Gans and Stern (2004 refered to Khiji et al., 2006) proposed that biotechnology assumes a significant job in worldwide industry and steadily ascends with the support of development to improve human heath and personal satisfaction. Biotech firms might be one of a kind amon g certain reasons. Gans and Stern (2004 refered to Khiji et al., 2006) additionally said that the advancement of a biotechnology organization emphatically relies upon its science exercises. It very well may be recommended that biotechnology organizations are information escalated firms. These days, finding the response for an inquiry where and how information is made and ensured that is the test task for this industry and overseeing information is additionally not as an essential assignment as in the past (Allarakhia and Walsh 2011). Pharmaceutical firms are all the more frequently driving accomplice associations with biotech firms and research focuses (Walsh et al., 2002 refered to Allarakhia and Walsh 2011). Collusions between biotech organizations, scholarly establishments and pharmaceutical organizations might be the standard in this industry. It very well may be proposed that these collusions could enable these organizations to show signs of improvement access to reserve and in formation from their vital accomplices and firms will react to the new turn of events and innovation in quicker and progressively adaptable manners. As indicated by Khiji et al., (2006), the normal time for the entire biotech process from first venture for logical disclosure to sell item in the market can take as long as 15 years. Biotech organizations frequently attempt to pull in capital and associations in the beginning times of theirs improvement procedure and with various endeavors to locate the correct organization accomplices for the following stages which can incorporate assembling, item structure and showcasing (Khiji et al., 2006). Shockingly, the majority of them neglect to manage these undertakings; Gassman et al. (2004 refered to Khiji et al., 2006) demonstrated a report of these choices with a 90% disappointment rate among biotech organizations. This can be recommended that biotechnology is a drawn out speculation with high hazard and firms should profoundly consider t he job of time-touchy choice. Furthermore, in spite of numerous individuals accept that biotech industry has indicated gigantic potential for development, relatively few firms can partake in the achievement. Contextual investigation 4.1 Background Jaguar is a biopharmaceutical organization this implies it creates clinical items utilizing biotechnology. Creating helpful advances to improve patients heath so as to increase extraordinary advantages for investors is the fundamental undertaking of Panther. It is an openly recorded organization with net money and fluid asset of $400 million, and it likewise makes about 300 employments on the West shore of the US. Its workers are specialists in the beginning time of the new medication advancement process. All RD exercises of Panther, aside from later phase of medication improvement are supported without anyone else. The reason for this budgetary methodology is to guarantee the activity of firm runs easily until it shows the effective of advancement tranquilize in clinical preliminaries. The financing for any later phase of medication advancement forms is painstakingly settled dependent upon the situation. As of not long ago Panther has taken just four improvement forms into clinical preliminaries without anyone else. 4.2 Discussion

Government and Politics - The War in Iraq and the Bush Administration E

The War in Iraq and the Bush Administration My extraordinary, however radical country is at war once more. What's more, it's the most blazing unscripted television program at any point considered! I think that its intriguing that protestors in Chicago walked on the home of the advertisement executive liable for the new Armed force of One battle. The individuals in the city, or in the lanes similar to the case here, realize how bogus that message is and they're assuming control over issues. In Experts of War, Bob Dylan endeavored to put a face on the adversary nearby. Today, in this season of moment and frequently remote correspondence, we not just have the face, we have all the digits that go with that face and the capacity to coordinate a lobbyist development at this focus inside hours, if not minutes. Welcome to the hyperlinked Internet Age, a time of trustworthiness and sharing for the benefit of all. I have CNN on in the other room and now and again I want to perceive what they are engaging the watchers with. Blasts! Blasts make for incredible TV, as Hollywood keeps on demonstrating. The other thing CNN, MSNBC, FOX, and CNBC are overpowering...

Ten Things I Hate About Europe

Ten Things I Hate About Europe DID YOU KNOW? The phrase throw another shrimp on the barbie was invented by the Australian Tourist Commission. They actually call shrimp prawns in Australia. However, the incident of a dingo eating someones baby really happened. Okay, this entry is not really negative, but I liked the title and couldnt bring myself to change it. Actually, this entry was originally titled Trimalchio in West Egg. About a month ago I got an e-mail from my labmate Jacqueline 07, whos working at NIST this summer. I was really puzzled by the last line, in which she said she couldnt wait to get back to MIT, especially considering that she took 6 classes and 75 units last semester and as a result spent April and May in a little less than serene condition. But after 2 months, Im really starting to see what shes talking abouteven though I live in a dorm with two other MIT students and see more almost every weekend, there are some things about MIT that you still cant replicate, no matter how many MIT students you have together. So, heres ten things I miss about MIT. 1. Running along the Charles River. Yesterday I did a 13-mile round-trip run from my house to my office, and although the Rhein river is a little cleaner than the Charles, I really miss the 17 miles of running paths set up along the river, and how the scenery changes from the Esplanade to MIT to Harvard to small highway to Watertown. MIT is in a prime location for you to run anywhere from 3 to 17 miles in a closed loop around the river. 2. Pizzeria Regina. Although were taking a 5-day trip to Italy in two weeks, I doubt that any of the pizza places at which I will probably be eating will compare to the brash, greasy American charm of the North End. The German pizza Ive had here is, well, kind of like pizza. Strangely, I do not miss Annas Taqueria at all. 3. My turkeys. My work with Bayer CropScience this summer is kind of cool, but I cant wait to get back into saving the world in my UROP, where I take ground-up turkey carcasses and put them in a machine to make usable fuel. my grad student, Andy, told me that hes got the HPLC back up and running and that we can start collecting data again, which is pretty exciting. And with $1500 of funding from the Martin Family UROP fund for undergraduate sustainability research, I might even get a raise! After only two years! 4. My room. Some people have compared my paint job to vomit, but I happen to think that light green, orange, pink, and dark blue go together swimmingly. I dont miss having a single so much as I do having my nice little bed tucked in the corner of my room, carpeting, a clean bathroom (shared between 6 people), and a lion cookie jar that says GET YO HAND OUTTA MY COOKIE JAR! ROAR! whenever you open him. Sadly, there was no room for him in my luggage. 5. Cooking. Okay, I really think that everybody who comes to MIT should live in Burton-Conner. Its arranged in suites such that for every 4 10 people you get 2 3 full-size refrigerator/freezers, a stovetop, plenty of counter and cabinet space, and an oven. Usually theres an old microwave hanging out in there too. Pots and pans are not included, but youre welcome to use mine as long as you wash them and put them away when youre done. We kind of have all this in my summer dorm in Germany, but instead of full-size fridges you get really tiny personal fridges with barely-cold freezers, and instead of an oven you get a microwave with an oven functionality that we have thus far been unable to figure out using the English, German, and Arabic manuals. 6. Marching band. I kind of joined this as a joke last year, but one month later I already was music librarian, mellophone section leader, SPAM Scholarship winner 2005, and, well, kind of committed to helping engineer the bands phoenix-like rebirth this year. Based on what Ive been seeing on the e-mail list, weve already got requests for a ton of gigs this year, some of them kind of prestigious, most of them pretty much bizarre, and I really want to be back there playing with them. So, join marching band next year. No experience necessary. No, really. In fact, less experience might even be preferred. 6a. Beyond just the band, though, I miss having free soundproof practice rooms with pianos in my dorm and on campussometimes in the midst of working on a pset or a test or something, I really just want to go down and belt out Bohemian Rhapsody or one of the other two songs that I know how to play on piano, and theres nowhere really to do that in Germany. 7. Communication. Living in Germany has taught me valuable lessons about communication, seeing as I have to live without a cell phone and without home internet access. The first two weeks werent easy, but I made it over the hump and Im actually learning to appreciate the slower, laid-back, more planning-oriented pace of life before ubiquitous wireless access. But its always nice to be able to check your missed calls, SMS, e-mail, AIM, facebook messages, and blog comments when somebodys late for a meeting. Especially because most people I know at MIT have read my blog and therefore subscribte to Verizon as I suggest, so in-calling is free. 8. Classes. No, really. Im worried that when I get out into the morally ambiguous real world, Im going to seriously miss the structured, inarguable evaluations of human worth provided by college classes. There are so many great, hands-on classes to take at MIT that I sometimes regret spending my some of my free elective time on Real Analysis and Inorganic Chemistry, but this term Im super-psyched, as they say, for a class taught by Pulitzer Prize-Winning composer John Harbison. 9. Pour House. I dont think Ive been there all year, but where else can you get a double hamburger, reheated french fries, and a gigantic, very respectable milkshake for about $5 on a Saturday night? Oh, but while Im thinking about restaurants, one thing I seriously do hate about Europe is that it is basically impossible to get water anywhere, even in the middle of summer. You dont get it in restaurants and you can only ask for it if youre a stupid American, drinks are prohbitively expensive, and I dont think Ive seen one public drinking fountain since I got here. Oh, you say, Ill just carry a water bottle with me everywhere and refill it in public bathrooms. Well, first of all, thats kind of nasty, dude, and two, public bathrooms cost money. 10. The people. As Lois McMaster Bujold once said, My home is not a place. It is people. And I miss conversations about Faraday cages at 2 AM and hearing about the killer death airplane competition they hold to celebrate the end of unified engineering and shamefully trying in vain to split the bill at restaurants and pulling all-nighters on p-sets together while listening to Prince and jokes about the Schrodinger equation and simultaneously hating and loving every minute of our crazy MIT existences. Heimweh.

Asthma and its effects on those residing in Boston as well as the overall state of Massachusetts - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1989 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Asthma Essay Did you like this example? This report covers vital data related to asthma and, its effects on those residing in Boston as well as the overall state of Massachusetts. In this paper, relevant information concerning the condition including epidemiology of the disease, the population at risk/health status (race, age, gender), relevant epidemiology of geographic location (e.g. live, work and/or play), and time variables are incorporated. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Asthma and its effects on those residing in Boston as well as the overall state of Massachusetts" essay for you Create order Material concerning rates, causes, and risk factors are also included. According to study findings, only 1 in 4 Massachusetts adults define their asthma condition as well controlled (Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Massachusetts SENSOR (Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risk) Work-Related Asthma, 2007) and, even more children suffer from the condition in the state. This goes to show that this is an exceptionally critical public health matter to address and, that this condition needs to be further investigated to aid in decreasing the amount of asthma related cases. Source of the data: Most of the information encompassed in this paper was found using Mass.gov, google scholar, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) websites. Since this report is focused on asthma in Massachusetts and in particular, Boston (a large urban area within the state), it was crucial to obtain information directly from these government websites. Some search terms used while researching this condition include asthma risk factors, causes, prevalence, and incidence in Boston or Massachusetts. Ultimately, government websites were used as sources since the government has the most up to date epidemiological data and statistics regarding this area. Descriptive Epidemiology: Asthma is considered a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. It is a progressive condition with exacerbations and remissions from time to time. Asthma causes the airways to become narrowed due to swelling and excessive mucus production. In turn, asthma negatively affects a person who has the condition by making it extremely difficult to breath regularly. (National Center for Biotechnology Information, Asthma: Symptoms and Diagnosis, 2017) Person: It is important to note that worldwide, the extent of occurrence of asthma has been expanding since the year of 1980. This includes the prevalence among all age, gender, and racial groups. Among all states across the nation, the prevalence of asthma here in Massachusetts has been one of the most excessive. Children and Seniors 65 years and up have the most asthma related complications in relation to age in Massachusetts. However, children ages 0-4 have the highest overall rates in the state. Asthma inpatient hospitalization rates were highest in children ages 0 to 4 years old in the Boston area than that of the overall state of Massachusetts. Emergency room visits, and Asthma hospital observation stays were much higher for this age group in Boston as well. Compared to the state of Massachusetts, Boston has significantly higher rates overall. (Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Health of Massachusetts, 2010) The ages with the highest ED discharges per 10,000 residents in Massa chusetts is among the 0-4 age group as well. (Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Statistics about asthma, 2018) Figure 3 Age-Specific Rates of Emergency Department (ED) Visits Due to Asthma, Massachusetts Residents, 2009-2013 Data source: CY2011-2013 Massachusetts Emergency Department Discharge Database, Massachusetts Center for Health Information Throughout the course of 2010, 2013, and 2015 overall, a higher percentage of Black (20%) and Latino (18%) Boston female adult residents had asthma compared to White female adults (14%) and Asian female adults (7%). In 2015, Black residents ages 3-5 had the highest rate of asthma related visits to the emergency department. Statistics displayed that there were 558.8 ED visits per 10,000 residents ages 3-5. Black and Latino residents in every age group had higher rates when compared with White residents of all ages. The age-specific emergency department visit rate heightened by 15% in children aged 3-5 in relation to asthma as well. (Boston Public Health Commision, Health of Boston, 2016) The populations that are most at risk according to race and gender in the Boston area includes the black non-Hispanic race and the female gender. Overall, Boston displays a significantly higher rate of asthma among the female population compared to the entire state of Massachusetts. (Commonwealth of M assachusetts, Statistics about asthma, 2018) Level of Control among Massachusetts Children with Current Asthma, 2006-2010 Data source: CY2006-2010 MA Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) Asthma Call-back Survey This pie chart retrieved from the Mass.gov website displays crucial information about the level of control that kids have over their asthma here in Massachusetts throughout the years of 2006-2010. In this specific chart, it is evident that between the years of 2006-2010, 48.0% of the children who had asthma claimed that it was not well controlled, 33.8% of those interviewed in the call-back survey believed it was well controlled, and 18.2% believed that their asthma was very poorly controlled. This data reveals that a lesser amount or percentage of children from this sample in Massachusetts who had asthma thought that it was well controlled during this time-period. (Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Statistics about asthma, 2018) Place: Boston children have higher rates of hospitalizations and emergency room visits due to asthma related complications than children throughout the whole state of Massachusetts. Throughout the 2011-2012 school period, over 15.9 % of children in Boston attending Kindergarten through 8th grade had asthma. This is a significantly larger prevalence than K-8 students statewide which was approximately 11.9 percent. Over 40% of children located in Massachusetts who were 18 and under and had asthma, missed school as well as daycare because of their symptoms from the year of 2006 to 2010. Parents in the area are also affected by asthma in children since typically, if their children miss daycare or school due to exacerbations, parents must miss a day of work to care for them which then disturbs productivity in the community. (The Facts About Pediatric Asthma, 1986) The statewide prevalence of pediatric asthma in the year of 2009 was reported as 10.9 percent (%) and the prevalence of pediatric ast hma in Boston was 13.9 percent (%) during that same time-period. By viewing the chart below, it is evident that the prevalence has increased in both areas since 2005. (Massachusetts Department of Public Health,Pediatric Asthma in Massachusetts 20082009, 2012) According to Mass.gov, work related asthma cases between 1993-2006 was highest among managerial and professional workers. This is since they had accounted for one-third of all cases (n=206, 32.6%). The most frequently reported occupations within this group were nurses and teachers. Operators, repair workers and laborers followed by auditing for 27.1% of cases (n=171) within the same time-period. Technical, sales and administrative workers accounted for 23.0% (n=145) of these work-related asthma cases. Asthma prevalence is known to be higher in urban neighborhoods due to susceptibility to impurities in the air such as pollution and a multitude of other environmental causes. Indoor air pollutants, cleaning products, dusts, chemicals, mold, and solvents are proclaimed to be the main environmental triggers. (Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Massachusetts SENSOR (Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risk) Work-Related Asthma, 2007) The above maps from the CDCs Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System display crude rates for the year of 2016. The crude rate, rather than the age adjusted rate, shows the actual number of cases over this year. The two maps display the crude rate for adults who had been told they currently have asthma. One map displays the results for adults within the 35-54-year-old age group, and the other displays the results for adults ages 65 and over in the same year (2016). It is noticeable that adults ages 65 and over had a higher crude prevalence rate (9.212.2%) as opposed to adults who were 35-54 years-old (9.210.7) within 2016 in Massachusetts. (CDC. BRFSS Prevalence Trends Data, 2018) Time: As previously stated, the extent of the occurrence of asthma has been expanding worldwide since the year of 1980. This chart displays this information in a more meaningful way, showing that the prevalence has increased over the years. (Akinbami, O. J., Moorman, J. E., Liu, X. (2011). Asthma prevalence, health care use, and mortality: United States, 2005-2009) Data Source: Akinbami, O. J., Moorman, J. E., Liu, X. (2011). Asthma prevalence, health care use, and mortality: United States, 2005-2009. This is a fact specifically in Massachusetts since epidemiological statistics displayed in the chart below show that even costs related to the disease have drastically increased from 2002 to 2013 in the state. (Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Statistics about asthma, 2018) Figure 2. Total Charges for Hospitalizations Due to Asthma, Massachusetts Residents, 2002-2013 Data source: CY2002-2013 Massachusetts Hospitalization Discharge Database, Massachusetts Center for Health Information and Analysis Rates: The most current national and local prevalence and incidence rates available are from 2016. Nationally, children ages 5-14 have the highest prevalence of asthma at 10.1%., women at 10.4%, black non-Hispanic children at 15.7%, and those below 100% of the poverty level at 11.8%. The percent of persons with current asthma who reported having one or more asthma attacks is highest among those who are ages 18 and under at 53.7%. Mortality is highest among women of the black non-Hispanic race over 18 years old. Local data here in Massachusetts displays that 10.2% of adults currently have asthma. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Most Recent Asthma Data, 2018) Causes and Risk Factors: While the exact cause or etiology of each individual asthma case may not be known, and no cure exists, asthma can be controlled. Asthma can cause symptoms such as chest tightness, wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing, or even sneezing when allergic asthma is the case. (Asthma: Symptoms and Diagnosis, 2017) Symptoms may exacerbate as well, meaning that they become worse and a person having an attack requires immediate medical attention. Different people have varying or different symptoms and, the severity of the disease varies from person to person. The disease may even be deathly or cause disability if a person suffers from an asthma attack without getting immediate medical treatment. Asthma affects individuals differently resulting in differing severity, presentation of symptoms and, responsiveness to treatment (i.e. albuterol and steroid inhalers, respiratory therapy, and breathing treatments/nebulizers). (National Institutes of Health, Chronic Diseases: Asthma and You, 2011) Asthma prevalence is known to be higher in urban neighborhoods with lower incomes which makes these two factors risk factors for the disease. As previously mentioned, this is due to considerable and extensive susceptibility to impurities in the air such as pollution and a variety of other indoor and outdoor environmental causes. The typical asthma triggers that are due to environmental factors include indoor allergens such as pet dander, rodents, cockroaches, dust mites, and mold and outdoor allergens such as grass, pollen, weeds, florals, and trees. Other outdoor irritants include tobacco smoke, gas, chemical fumes, and various other strong odors. Exposure to things like air fresheners, cleaning products, pesticides, and perfumes/cologne, the common cold, influenza and other illnesses can trigger asthma as well. Stress, extensive exercise, medications/drugs, and food additives may trigger an asthma attack too. Weather conditions including cold air, or extremely dry, wet or windy wea ther can also have a largely negative impact on a persons asthma and maintaining its stability. (Gautier, C., Charpin, D,Environmental triggers and avoidance in the management of asthma, 2017) Data Source: 2006-2007 Massachusetts Adult Asthma Call-back Survey Conclusion: When asthma is well controlled, people who suffer from the chronic disease can sleep well through the night, attend school or work, and live normal, or even active lives. It is important to decrease the publics contact to asthma triggers and know factors that put people at risk to asthma. This will in turn prevent the expansion of the disease and allow better control of asthma symptoms. An asthma attack or exacerbation can be prevented by eliminating certain known environmental triggers. It is also crucial to take medication correctly, following a specific care plan, and taking action when symptoms worsen. (National Institutes of Health, Chronic Diseases: Asthma and You, 2011) Hypotheses: My research has brought me to hypothesize that environmental triggers play a crucial role in the prevalence of asthma however, it is unknown whether these triggers actually cause the disease. I consider these environmental triggers to be the most probable cause of asthma. The actual cause of the disease is currently unknown therefore, signifies the need for further research of these environmental triggers to determine which specific one produces the largest burden of disease.

Essay on Religion Causes War - 1486 Words

RELIGION CAUSES WAR: PROS AND CONS There are many arguments and counter-arguments when discussing the topic of religion causing war. Many critics argue that throughout history, religion has been the single greatest source of human-caused wars, suffering, and misery. In the name of God (by whatever name), more suffering has been inflicted than by any other man-made cause. (Pro Side) Critics on the other side counter that modern secular ideological movements are actually responsible for much greater and more indiscriminate violence than any religion ever has been. (Con Side) They further contend that the claim that religion causes war is not supported by the historical or contemporary evidence. They maintain that only 7 (10%) of all†¦show more content†¦Let us see. Religious differences during the period of time coinciding with WWII led to discord between the people of Europe, whereby the Nazi Party rose upon a particular mans religious views. A passage from Adolf Hitler’s Mein Kampf states, â€Å"†¦today I believe that I am acting in accordance with the will of the Almighty Creator: by defending myself against the Jew, I am fighting for the work of the Lord.† The Nazi Party blamed the Jewish people for the loss of World War I. It is beyond argument that by 1945, the genocide of six million Jewish people had been committed as a direct result of Hitler’s religious views. Bellum sacrum. With respect to the American Civil War, Wikipedia references a body of scholarship, led by Mark Knoll, that has highlighted the fact that the American debate over slavery became a shooting war in part because the two sides reached diametrically opposite conclusions based on reading the same authoritative source of guidance on moral questions: the King James Version of the Bible. Specifically, the pro-slavery South could point to slaveholding by the godly patriarch Abraham (Gen 12:5; 14:14; 24:35–36; 26:13–14), a practice that was later incorporated into Israelite national law (Lev 25:44–46). It was never denounced by Jesus, who made slavery a model of discipleship (Mk 10:44). The Apostle Paul supported slavery, counseling obedience to earthly masters (Eph 6:5–9; Col 3:22–25) as aShow MoreRelatedCauses of the Wars of Religion.951 Words   |  4 PagesThe political causes of the wars of religion. Throughout history in contemporary Spain before the civil war, violence against persons associated with the Catholic Church, the symbols of their religion or their interests, has been known for its recurrent and prolonged in time as one of the salient dimensioned Spanish anticlericalism, which emerged in the liberal political ideology, then it would be taken up by more radical republican currents and the movement of the workers. were five killingsRead MoreDoes Religion Cause War?1463 Words   |  6 PagesDoes religion cause war? Every culture and society in the world has some form of religion. The most popular religions in the world today are Christianity, Buddhism, and the Muslim religions. Other religious sects exist amongst distinct groups. Every religion has some form of philosophy or ideology followed by members. One common thing about the existing religions is the presence of a supreme being. 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The thirty years war was one of the major wars fought over religion. It was mostly fought in what’s now Germany. The thirty years war was one of the absolute longest and most destructive, and brutal conflicts in European history. The war was mainly between ProtestantsRead MoreDoes Religion Cause Wars?1258 Words   |  6 PagesThere is a conventional belief among many individuals that religion is the main cause of the present and past wars inflicting torment within the world. However, many humans fail to see past that belief; they are unable to understand that religion is just a small factor amongst the many contributing to the cause of wars. In fact, religion is merely a tool and an excuse used to hide the need for power and sins of the human nature. Among these factors, it may be the misinterpretation of religious teachingsRead MoreCan Religion Be A Cause Of War?1559 Words   |  7 PagesCan Religion be a cause of War? For centuries religion has impacted the world greatly, having an influence amongst people and their society that cause them to behave in certain ways. Throughout history religion has played a grand role in undertaking the parts that have structured many positive and negative effects in the world. People have been killed for what they believe, and people have as well killed in the name of their God. Religion has been the motivation and reason for many people to makeRead MoreDoes Religion Cause War?1790 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Religion is a cause of all wars, is a phrase which is often heard and said by many. The question here is, does religion really cause wars? It may not be the reason for all the wars that have taken place since this world came into existence but several wars which have been fought in the past and today are done so on the basis of religion. Religious wars are ones which are fought and then justified by religion. These wars can involve one nation fighting against another who have different beliefsRead More Religion Causes War Essay2331 Words   |  10 PagesReligion has played a major role in the lives of most cultures whether it is Christian, Islamic, Judaism, or another religious faith, but has it been the leading cause of war throughout history? God refers to sin as being the force that drives the world it provokes conduct involving one’s flesh and mind. Richard Dawkins an evolutionist, and agnostic, states that â€Å"religion causes wars by generating certainty† (Thacker). When he implies certainty in his quote, does he mean that this is a fact he isRead MoreDoes Religion Cause War? Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesReligion has its shares of promoting violence. Many will argue that a cause of religion wars is for economic and political reasons, but others argue that those who start wars are, by definiti on, not religious. In reality, separating religion out of economic and political motives can be involved in such a way finding religious motives innocent of much. Excuses for Christianity responsibilities cannot be accepted whether the person has misappropriated the message of Christ. The primarily set of doctrinesRead More2- Religion Does Not Cause Wars860 Words   |  4 PagesReligion Causes War. So often is this sentiment heard in the best sellers from Richard Dawkins to Sam Harris that it has almost become a proverb. It is said so often that people believe it without question. But, in fact, religion does not cause war. If you are an atheist, I ask for your intellectual honesty in evaluating this question. You have every right to believe what you will, but we should all be honest and not sling mud where it is not warranted. Laying war at the feet of religion

My favorite quotation of St. Augustine Free Essays

â€Å"The world is a book and those who do not travel read only one page. † ? Augustine of Hippo. This was my favourite quotation of St. We will write a custom essay sample on My favorite quotation of St. Augustine or any similar topic only for you Order Now Augustine, through my high school years we are taught about his life, journeys and teachings. I have live a Augustinian life, being a follower of Christ he is the one behind all of my success and failures. I may not be one of the best students from my batch but at least once I have proven that I give my best. Yes, I have proven myself and before that happens I almost failed, lost hope and even give up but courage to prove myself become my persuasion for not giving up to achieve all the success in education and in life. A teacher told me about inventing or improving a scientific investigatory project, which me and my group mates once studied and improve. While doing this we struggle searching for parts and materials we need to complete our product. It’s almost two weeks before the deadline but there is still a part of our project missing. We almost lost our hope submitting our project but yet my classmate broke her calculator and we’ve found the exact material that we need to complete this project. After inserting the material needed, finally it worked. Then, we have a week to finish the paper and ask some people to react about our said project. Some questioned it and some thought that it was amazing and good because we can lessen the use of electricity and benefit the solar heat from the sun. On the day of the submission we have to face our teacher and defend our product made, who would thought that we’ve got the highest grade among the class and have the chance to compete in the congress? We never did, it was one of the successful moments for me in my secondary level. In the science congress, we tried our best to win, impress the judges and encourage the audience to see our product and vote for it. Our competitors also has cool, different and creative inventions or innovations. Though we never succeeded on to win the science congress, I still felt happiness and contented just by submitting our project and getting those grades. This is one achievement, I think I had not because I’ve got a high grade, but because I have work on it hard and make everything in it creative and different. I want to achieve more, and I think by entering the University this institution will help me gain more achievement and train me more to become creative. I could tell also that it is not just pure creativity that we need in order to finish one project, it could also be team work. Life could be a tough road to travel through but if we don’t face the tough road we can never extend our talent and creativity. Our day to day experience is a daily lesson we must understand. We may give up but we can never achieve success if we easily loose hope. How to cite My favorite quotation of St. Augustine, Papers

Steve Jobs Rhetorical Analysis Paper free essay sample

Shelbi Neidler Professor Emilie Zickel English 100 8 November 2013 The Successor That Once Failed Steve Jobs did not fit the norm of being a college graduate when speaking at a college graduation. On June 12th, 2005, Jobs presented â€Å"Steve Jobs’ 2005 Stanford Commencement Address. † Jobs completed only six months of college before deciding that he was unsure how college would help his future, but he audited classes for another 18 months. Jobs is a renowned CEO, but he did not earn this position easily. Throughout Jobs’ speech, he discusses several unknown, personal experiences. Jobs makes a connection with the audience by telling three intimate stories, discussing failure, and using simplistic sentence structure and words. Jobs is chosen to speak at the 2005 Stanford commencement by Spencer Porter and his fellow class presidents (Porter). They asked Jobs to speak because Jobs is very successful. Porter states, â€Å"That’s what my classmates and I expected him to talk about. We will write a custom essay sample on Steve Jobs Rhetorical Analysis Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But he told three stories about failure† (Porter). Jobs’ speech is directed toward the Stanford college graduates, the professors and staff attending the graduation, and the parents and family of the college graduates. Later, Jobs’ speech is shared with the public, making his audience much larger and more diverse. The stories Jobs tells are easy to connect to and comprehend. The audience may or may not be familiar with Jobs; everyone, however, can still relate to the topics he addresses. Jobs is known for being the CEO of Apple, along with his computer and technology skills. Throughout Jobs’ speech, he told three personal stories. The first was about connecting the dots, the second was about love and loss, and the third story was about death. These three stories captured the attention of the audience by connecting with them on a personal level. In the first story, Jobs discusses dropping out of college. Jobs did not know what he wanted from life or if college was right for him. This part of his first story uses logos because it would not have been logical for Jobs to waste money and attend college if he is unsure about his future. He took a calligraphy class that later helped him when he was building his first Mac. By â€Å"connecting the dots,† Jobs realized that his calligraphy skills were useful in designing the font. In Jobs’ second story, he discusses starting Apple in his parents’ garage. At the age of 30, Apple fired him after he cofounded the company. After being rejected, Jobs realized he was still in love with his job and was not ready to give up on his dream. In the third story, Jobs discusses his diagnosis of cancer. While telling his story of cancer, Jobs states that â€Å"Remembering that Ill be dead soon is the most important tool Ive ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life† (Jobs). Jobs learned from his near death experience that there was no trap of thinking he had something to lose. While going through this experience, Jobs learned the value of life. Jobs’ three stories are unique to his own personal experience. Jobs’ three stories discuss connecting the dots, love and loss, and death. Although his stories are specific, the audience has personal experiences that fall under these categories. Jobs’ first story explains the background behind the font of the first Macintosh computer. In his second story, Jobs discusses being fired from his own company, but still loving his job. After being fired, he met his wife and worked harder to prove to the company that he was meant to be there. Jobs states that â€Å"I didnt see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life† (Jobs). Jobs’ third story explores the topic of death. Jobs shares his story of overcoming cancer. Jobs conveys ethos while telling these stories because they are are personal experiences, making him credible. These personal stories allow the audience to recognize that Jobs’ success was not simply handed to him. Jobs wants the audience to understand that they must work hard for what they want, just like he has worked hard to achieve his successes. Jobs also tells these stories for others to learn from his mistakes. This strategy helps Jobs achieve his goal of preparing the graduates for their future by giving them an insight on his life and struggles. He has worked through many trials and tribulations. It is especially interesting that Jobs chose to discuss his troubles and failures in a commencement speech. Jobs employs irony when discussing how failure led him to success. Throughout Jobs’ three stories, he discusses different failures. Jobs is well-known for his success and achievements, but many do not know his journey. Jobs discusses failure at a college commencement to promote success and to teach that failure is not always a dead end. Jobs is also preparing the college graduates for their road ahead; if they follow their hearts, they will succeed. Jobs states that â€Å"Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick† (Jobs). By this, Jobs is saying that sometimes people need a reality check. While discussing failure, Jobs uses pathos. Failure is an emotional topic that no one wants to face. Failing before succeeding will only push one to work harder. Sometimes one must fail in order to succeed. Jobs’ strategy of discussing failure helps to achieve his goal of promoting success by giving the entire audience a sense of hope for their futures. Jobs’ stories of failure do not only apply to the graduates, but the entire public. Jobs’ speech is applicable to everyone by using simplistic language. Jobs’ speech is directed toward the Stanford Class of 2005, but has relevance to anyone. Because Jobs is a popular public figure, his speech was publicized. The stories and life experiences he shares during his speech can be understood by age because of the simple words and sentence structures Jobs uses. For example, Jobs offers advice such as â€Å"Dont let the noise of others opinions drown out your own inner voice† (Jobs). Jobs offers this advice using very simple words. This is one of Jobs’ strategies because he knew that there were going to cameras, parents, professors, administration, and the public eye watching and listening to his speech. His speech is appropriate for all ages because it is written for those with the lowest levels of education. For example, most newspapers and magazines are written at a basic reading level and that is how this speech is written. Jobs receives positive feedback because everyone can understand his simplistic language and purpose. The strategy of using simplistic words helps Jobs achieve his goal of connecting with the audience by allowing them to easily comprehend what he is saying. Jobs’ goal is to make a positive impact on the lives of the public by simply telling them personal stories of failure that did not stop him. Overall, Jobs’ speech makes multiple connections with the audience. Jobs’ speech discusses three intimate stories and failure while through simplistic words. Although his speech is presented to Stanford University’s graduating class of 2005, it applies to the entire public. Jobs chose to discuss failure to ensure that there are positive outcomes after failing. Jobs connected with his audience while engaging in logos by discussing his logic of saving money and dropping out of college, elaborating with ethos by telling personal stories, and using pathos when discussing failure.

Invention of the Mirror

Invention of the Mirror Who invented the first mirror?   Humans and our ancestors probably used pools of still water as mirrors for hundreds of thousands or even millions of years. Later, mirrors of polished metal or obsidian (volcanic glass) gave wealthy preeners a more portable view of themselves.   Obsidian mirrors from 6,200 BCE were discovered at Catal Huyuk, the ancient city near modern-day Konya, Turkey.   People in Iran used polished copper mirrors at least as early as 4,000 BCE.   In what is now Iraq, one Sumerian noble-woman from about 2,000 BCE called the Lady of Uruk had a mirror made of pure gold, according to a cuneiform tablet discovered in the ruins of that city.   In the Bible, Isaiah scolds Israelite women who were haughty and walk[ed] with necks outstretched, ogling and mincing as they go...   He warns them that God will do away with all of their finery - and their brass mirrors!  Ã‚   A Chinese source from 673 BCE casually mentions that the queen wore a mirror at her girdle, indicating that this was a well-known technology there, as well.   The earliest mirrors in China were made from polished jade; later examples were made from iron or bronze.   Some scholars suggest that the Chinese acquired mirrors from the nomadic Scythians, who were in contact with Middle Eastern cultures as well, but it seems just as likely that the Chinese invented them independently. But what about the glass mirror we know today?   It also came about surprisingly early. Who was it, then, that made a sheet of glass, backed with metal, into a perfect reflecting surface? As far as we know, the first mirror-makers lived near the city of Sidon, Lebanon, some 2,400 years ago.   Since glass itself likely was invented in Lebanon, its not too surprising that it was the site of the earliest modern mirrors. Unfortunately, we do not know the name of the tinkerer who first came up with this invention. To make a mirror, pre-Christian Lebanese or Phoenicians blew a thin sphere of molten glass into a bubble, and then poured hot lead into the bulb of glass. The lead coated the inside of the glass. When the glass cooled, it was broken and cut into convex pieces of mirror. These early experiments in the art were not flat, so they must have been a bit like fun-house mirrors. (Users noses probably looked enormous!) In addition, early glass was generally somewhat bubbly and discolored. Nonetheless, the images would have been much clearer than those obtained by looking into a sheet of polished copper or bronze. The blown bubbles of glass used were thin, minimizing the impact of the flaws, so these early glass mirrors were a definite improvement over earlier technologies. The Phoenicians were masters of the Mediterranean trade routes, so its no surprise that this wonderful new trade object quickly spread throughout the Mediterranean world and the Middle East.   The Persian emperor Darius the Great, who ruled around 500 BCE, famously surrounded himself with mirrors in his throne room to reflect his glory.   Mirrors were used not only for self-admiration, but also for magical amulets.   After all, theres nothing like a clear glass mirror to repel the evil eye!   Mirrors were commonly thought to reveal an alternate world, in which everything was backward.   Many cultures also believed that mirrors could be portals into supernatural realms.   Historically, when a Jewish person died, his or her family would cover all of the mirrors in the household to prevent the deceased persons soul from being trapped in the mirror.   Mirrors, then, were very useful but also perilous items! For much more information on mirrors, as well as many other interesting topics, see Mark Pendergrasts book Mirror Mirror: A History of the Human Love Affair with Reflection, (Basic Books, 2004).

Email Matters

Email Matters Email Matters Email Matters By Maeve Maddox The ease of dashing off an email is both a convenience and a deadly snare. Emails are not as public as a Twitter tweet, but can lead to grief for the unwary. We’ve all heard the horror stories of the jokester who says something outrageous intended for the eyes of a friend, and then hits the â€Å"Reply All† button by mistake. Because there’s always the chance that an email might go astray, the best practice is what I call the â€Å"Klingon rule†: Don’t say anything in an email that you don’t want a third party to read. (I think it was General Chang in StarTrek VI who said he never uttered anything he wouldn’t want to be overheard. Klingons are always under surveillance.) One way to avoid embarrassing situations with clients or employers is to make a habit of treating every email with care, even the ones you dash off to your friends. Human frailty being what it is, there’s probably no way to avoid saying or typing something stupid at some time or another, but a few tips can save some embarrassment. Common courtesy is the key to writing an email that won’t come back to bite you. Courtesy when writing an email means considering such things as the fact that not everyone can read tiny type or understand texting abbreviations. Depending upon the recipient, sloppy English or attempts at humor can prove deal breakers. In these tippy-toe times of political correctness, it doesn’t take much to offend some people. No one, however, is likely to take offence at standard usage and conventional formatting. Email Address A snappy email handle may amuse your friends, but if you use your account for business as well as social correspondence, you may want to avoid choosing a handle like redhotpapa or partygirl. As the first thing the recipient sees, it can affect the spirit in which the message is received. Subject Line Put something meaningful in the subject line. Be as specific as possible, even for your friends. Instead of â€Å"Hi† or â€Å"Hello,† type something that refers to the message. No one enjoys having to sort through hundreds of emails in order to double check one of them. Font Leave the fancy script and colored text for homemade greeting cards. Choose an easy-to-read font and a dark font color. Dark blue is all right, but black is better. Red is the hardest color to read. Big is better than small. Use a minimum of 12-point. Upper- and Lower-case Use lowercase type with capitals where capitals are called for. Lowercase is easier to read than all caps, but don’t go to extremes and omit capitals altogether. Friends may not mind, but a business colleague may interpret lack of capitalization as evidence of lack of education or energy. Spelling Spell correctly. Use conventional abbreviations. Save texting code for texting. Punctuation It’s easy enough to misinterpret a written message. Reread what you have written before hitting Send. See if the addition of a comma or other punctuation might make your meaning clearer. Salutation Begin your email with the recipient’s name. For a friend or associate, the first name is the obvious salutation. Otherwise, use the full name. I don’t often see â€Å"Dear So-and-So† in electronic correspondence; beginning with the name alone is sufficient. Close The way you end your email will depend upon your relationship with the recipient and the nature of the email. If you are reporting bad news or responding to it, you’re not going to close by writing â€Å"Cheers† or â€Å"Have a nice day.† Here are some options: Best, Best regards, Best wishes, Cheers, Cordially, Kindest regards, I remain yours truly, Regards, Sincerely, Take care, Thanks again, Warmest regards, Yours. If you have asked someone to do something time-consuming for you, your close can be even longer: Thanks for your time and consideration. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"50 Idioms About Roads and PathsCharles's Pen and Jesus' Name

Organizational Development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Organizational Development - Research Paper Example It can be revealed that Fourwinds Marina which is one of the most extensive as well as complete marinas of its type in the United States occupies four acres of land. Jack Keltner had been the general manager of the Fourwinds Marina while the President of the Taggart Corporation, Sandy Taggart has been the owner of the Fourwinds Marina and the Inn of the Fourwinds. The main problem as pointed out by the Taggart has been the lack of knowledge of marina business along with lack of experienced general managers. Therefore from the case study it can be analyzed that there is requirement of major organizational development initiatives. Keltner seems to have analyzed the problems that the organization was facing and took steps in order to correct them in order to improve the organizational effectiveness. He analyzed that major changes were required over one year period. This report consists of the SWOT analysis of the organization and implication of the analysis. It also tries to describe th e marinas strategy and the organization and tries to list the Keltner’s list of actions. ... Moreover the Inn is successful enough in providing the customers with all the facilities required by them. Lack of experienced managers as well as knowledge on managing the marine is one of the weaknesses. In addition to this Bouys have not been a profitable segment for the organization which demonstrates lack of managerial expertise. Weak financial position has also been one of the problems of the company. The major threats for the organization is that The Indiana Department of Natural Resources exercises total control over the rates that can be charged on slip rental as well as room rates at the inn. Jack Keltners management strategy can be considered as an opportunity to improve the organizational efficacy. Implication of the SWOT Analysis After conducting the SWOT analysis, it can be revealed that there are major problems that Fourwinds Marine faced that hampers the effective operation of the organization. The strengths of Fourwinds Marine indicate that the company can aim at bec oming the market leader in the particular segment. The weaknesses indicate that there is need for immediate actions in order to overcome them. The threats indicate that the company doesn’t have control over the rates and the prices. From the opportunity analyzed it can be revealed that company’s overall operation can be enhanced. Marinas Strategy The strategy adopted by the marina can be considered as deliberate strategy. The slips need to be reserved by November 15 of each year or the slip is subject to sale on first-come basis. The slips are rented for a year and the amount varies depending upon the size of slip. The company adopts various boat rental strategies in order to meet the demands during the peak season. In order to protect the boats that are left in the water during

Irving Roth - Holocaust Survivor Testimony Movie Review

Irving Roth - Holocaust Survivor Testimony - Movie Review Example Businesses that were previously run by the Jews were confiscated and given to Germans. Their household properties (which they had been ordered to leave behind) were auctioned to the German citizens. The Jews basically become non-existence and they were treated worse than slaves. With their lives becoming almost worthless, the government of Germany saw no use for them and therefore built death camps to dispose them off through death. Some were transported to Poland where there were also additional death camps. Some escaped to Hungary (which was not killing the Jews) where the men were recruited in the army (where they are mistreated by the rest of the population and even discriminated against but the rest of the population remained safe). Their safety was however short lived as they started being treated in the same way as those who were shipped to Poland as a way to dispose them as well through burning them in gas chambers. I thought slavery in America was a bad experience but what the Jews went through is incomparable. Segregation denies people freedom of liberty but the treatment the Jews were accorded denied them not only freedom of liberty and movement but also right to life among other human rights. It is a wonder how all these happened without the rest of the world reacting. The questions remains as to whether they had no idea of what was happening? Whether they simply did not care? Had no ability or capacity or even mandate to do anything about it? or were they simply in agreement of the Jews being killed? For those who survived the holocaust like the orator, the experience (though it took place many decades ago) is still vivid as if it just happened. It is evident that the psychological torture for the survivors cannot be wiped away even though the talk therapy seems helpful. As Roth talks about his family being killed in the

Discuss the meaning of childhood

Discuss the meaning of childhood The idea of a child is contested throughout the world. It is first important to distinguish the difference between the terms child and childhood. The dictionary defines a child as a boy or girl from the time of birth until he or she is an adult, or a son or daughter of any age which is a very vague generalization (Cambridge dictionary, 2009) Defining the word childhood presents similar problems, as again the dictionary is of very little assistance merely stating that childhood is the time when someone is a child (Cambridge dictionary, 2009). It is therefore essential to find a more valid definition of a child. Many factors affect the way a childhood is defined, such as the period of history in which the characterization was developed as well as the culture it has transpired from. The thesis of what a child and what childhood is will not be the same globally, although there may be similar themes around which the definition is based. These similarities often include the use of age as a boundary for childhood, the exploration of psychological and biological aspects to childhood and the concept of independence. Mills (2003: 8) also outlines the cultural, geographical, historical and gender based theories on what childhood is. A child in a third world country will have experiences that are a polar opposite to that of a typical child from a western country. This difference in experiences therefore has an effect on the definition given by that particular culture as to what childhood is. Ergo, an important question that arises is whether childhood is shortened by experience or enriched. The UK defines a child as any person, regardless of gender, under the age of eighteen, in accordance with UN policy based upon the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) (NSPCC, 2009).This is a basic biological definition of a child that is accepted by the majority of UN countries. Gamage (1992) however argues that childhood end around the age of ten. Clearly, defining childhood is not a clear cut task. There are different angles to look at when defining childhood from a socio-economic perspective. Cultural differences are a massive factor that needs to be taken into account when attempting to define childhood. Culture affects the way a child is seen which in turn affects the individual child and how they perceive their early role in society. It is the variety in culture globally which leads to ethical complications in cross-cultural adoption, as the UNCRC outlines that a child has the right to know and practice its cultures traditions, however if a child is uprooted from its original setting, does that mean that it should disregard the surrounding it began life in favour of adopting new traditions and languages? We often act in an ethnocentric style which is the opinion that ones own way of life is natural, correct, indeed the only true of being human (Schultz and Lavenda 1990: 32) Ethnocentrism can even be seen in the UNCRC. Whilst it complies with human rights, it can be seen to clash with individual societies for example; some tribes have entirely different traditions and regimes for the treatment of children compared to that outlined in the UN legislation. It is unfair to say that a tribes way of doing things is incorrect yet some of their traditions can be seen as cruel and as infringing the articles of the UNCRC. The ignorance between cultures can create an atmosphere of fear. The lack of understanding we have for unknown societies makes it difficult for us to understand their traditions and how they affect their societies definition of childhood. New problems arise however if we become all consumed with legislation and political correctness for example in Britain schools have begun to replace their nativity plays with a more generalised holiday themed performance. The attempts to be politically correct are preventing British children from learning about their own culture. Nutbrown (1996 ) refers to seeing children as passive recipients of knowledge as adults in waiting which is interesting as it leans towards the idea that children are perhaps not people in their own rights, merely half filled vessels. This is obviously a very odd perspective, as it is taking away the idea of childhood being a key stage in its own right, and focusing on the concept of it just being part of the development to becoming an adult. Nutbrown points out the difficulties in this view, as it infers that the world created for children is not based on their contemporary needs. She writes Perspectives on childhood that include the concept of children as adults in waiting do not value children as learners and therefore create systems of educating and designing curricula, that can be narrow minded rather than open minded and which transmit to children rather than challenge children to use their powers as thinkers and nurture their humanity. Kakar (1981: 18) points out that this is not a global view, and as always, culture is critical to defining childhood. Kakar claims that the word childhood is a fully meaningful word-in-itself in certain areas in countries such as India and China. This emphasis on the word means that the period of life known as childhood is to these cultures an individually important part of life, not just a prerequisite to adulthood. It is particularly interesting to compare different experts key social constructions of childhood. Richard Mills (2003: 9) looks at the ideas of children as innocent, apprentices, and vulnerable whereas in a rather different approach Chris Jenks (1990: 36) explores children as savage, Dionysian and Apollonian. Mills concept of an apprentice being a construction of childhood links to Nutbrown as it refers to the idea that children are merely adults in training. This is a persistent theme throughout defining childhood. Mills, when referring to children as innocent, claims that they are in need of protection, and are representative of good and purity. He talks about the child developing through the gradual acquiring of secret knowledge. For Postman these secrets are to do with sexual relations, money, violence, illness, death and language (Mills ) If Postman is correct in saying that obtaining such information equates to the end of childhood, then by that understanding, it is fair to say that a child who has suffered sexual abuse or the death of a loved one is no longer a child. Postmans ideas can be linked to the ideas of class defining childhood. It is generally fair to say that children from more financially stable backgrounds appear to have in general a more idyllic childhood than those less fortunate. However this doesnt necessarily increase the time that they are a child if Postman is to be believed, as class has little impact on how or when a child discovers the adult secrets. Obviously they are less likely to encounter child labour, however they are not automatically protected from death or sexual knowledge. In a broader sense, parallels to this can be seen internationally, for example, the chances of a child being in labour instead of education are far higher in India than they are in France. The economic standing of a country has a knock on effect on how children are viewed socio-economically. In poorer countries childhood is cut short due to a need for additional income, whereas in most Western countries, children enjoy a full education whilst earning a living is down to the parents. Gender is also a socio-economic aspect of defining childhood, as it is generally believed that girls mature sooner than boys. Does this therefore mean that if you are female, your childhood has been cut short in comparison to your male peers? If the answer is yes, then this should perhaps impact upon laws and legislation. For example, it could be possible that girls could have a younger age of employment to that currently enforced for both genders. This is not necessarily fair on either boys or girls, but it could be a possible way to further define childhood. It is clear that children are defined differently depending on the socio-economic background they come from, whilst this makes it difficult to pinpoint a pr ecise definition of childhood, it is critical to appreciate all different views and ideas, whether or not they comply with our own views. Historically, the constructions of childhood span a range of different phases. Perhaps most importantly is the work of Aries (Palaiologou 2009) who claims that childhood as a concept wasnt even around until the sixteenth century at which point in England, the Christian church began to get involved in educating children with very basic Sunday schools. The ideas out forth by Aries are a source of much debate as they raise a lot of questions and there are theorists who disagree with the ideas put forth by Aries and who claim that childhood has always been present throughout history. If Mills is to be believed when talking about children being in need of both physical and emotional protection, then surely Aries cannot be correct. The parental urge to protect must have been somewhat present throughout all of history, almost like an animal instinct. A key argument against Aries is that in Ancient Greece there was a development of the idea of education in a more formal style. However, this doesnt necessarily mean that childhood was seen as a particularly separate stage, and it still only existed very loosely. Prominent aspects of British childhoods such as fairytales did not exist purely for children in Ancient Greece, but as entertainment for the whole family. In his book Centuries of Childhood Aries highlights the fact that as soon as children were able to exist without needing constant care then they became seen in the same way as adults. Yet, there is still a stage where it is recognized that the infant needs care and attention from an adult, so this can be seen as recognition of childhood. One explanation for this limitation on recognizing childhood as a key phase has groundings in the economic needs throughout history. Children were often required to work from a young age as is still often the case and so this had the effect of often calling a halt to their time as a child. The rise in popularity of Christianity led to the beginning of childhood as we know it today. The concepts of children as innocent as mentioned previously began to materialize, and with it a stronger sense of the need to protect the younger generation. The church stepped in at the helm of education and began to mould the youth. There was a focus on removing the devilish side from children, and it can be seen that the church was leaning towards indoctrination rather than education. Evangelicals took it upon themselves to fight against the possibility of children committing sins. Along with the idea of children as innocent, had come the idea that they as the future, needed to be washed of sins the implication being that they had already sinned. Obviously families were quite enthusiastic about this need to remove the devil and keep their children pure. It wasnt until 1876 that education became compulsory for all children aged ten and under. However, childhood was still seen as just a prerequisite to adulthood, rather than a defined period of life in its own right. It wa s not just education and work that came early to children throughout history either. Marriage and children were on the agenda at the same time we would be moving into junior schools. The laws for children were no different to that of adults and so children enjoyed no rights of their own. This is not dissimilar to criminal law in America, where children are tried in a similar way to adults. It wasnt until 1889 when children began to be recognized legally, and some pinpoint this as the beginning of childhood as we know it. Throughout history the definition of childhood has been vague and insipid until more recently, however it is key to look back at how childhood was viewed to understand how to define it in a more contemporary fashion. The specific needs and rights of children help us to define them further. The UNCRC (United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children) is a piece of UN legislation aimed to protect children globally, as well as outline a cohesive set of guidelines for the rights of the child. As previously stated, the UN outlines the age of a child as being up to eighteen years of age for the majority of UN countries. The articles found in the UNCRC are not massively dissimilar to those based around general human rights. The main difference between the legal rights of a child and adult is, as articles five and eighteen outline, stating that the primary responsibility for the upbringing and development of the child [is with the parent] (UNCRC, Childrens Rights Alliance) This can be seen as a limitation to the childs rights, as they are somewhat dependant on an adult to ensure the rights outlined are provided for them. The legislation came about due to political pressure from various UN countries, w hich led to a domino effect as countries fell to pressure from more major players in the UN collaboration. The overall aim was seen as a way of making children equals in the world and redefine the way adults view them as completely separate from culture and society. It is also important in outlining the role of parents in a childs life with article eighteen focusing on parental responsibilities outlining that the [parents] have the primary responsibility for the upbringing and development of the child . Often the blame for a failure on behalf of parents is laid at the door of the government and various departments designed to ensure the safety of children. Whilst it is valid to say that in cases, such as the recent Baby P, some responsibility for such tragedies does need to be dealt to official bodies, it is also key to note that the parents or carers are, according to legislation, the people mainly responsible for the protection of their child and as such should not be able to enti rely pass of their wrong doings as the fault of the government for not monitoring them sufficiently. It is interesting to note that the UNCRC is has the highest rate of ratification compared to all other conventions, with only Somalia and the USA rejecting the convention. It has also been seen to directly affect the policies of the countries involved, for example, in Britain the introduction of Every Child Matters. It can also be said that the legislation has assisted in changing traditional views of childhood. Children traditionally were often seen as half-formed adults rather than as individuals. In some ways, by defining childrens rights, and then being so similar to those of adults, its enabled people to stop seeing children as yet to be and instead focus on them as they are. Issues with the UNCRC legislation however, are the differences in the range of cultures it is applied to sometimes clash with the outlined rights of the child. This raises the problem of what is more import ant, culture or the fulfilment of a childs needs and the protection of their rights. The UNCRC itself outlines the importance of keeping children connected to their own heritage and culture with article thirty in particular focusing on the rights of children to enjoy his or her own culture.[and] to participate fully in cultural and artistic life. However it is sometimes difficult to comply with this without limiting the effectiveness of other aspects of the legislation. Also, whilst the UNCRC is an official agreement, it is not a law. There are no real penalties for not complying with the various parts of the legislation, and it is incredibly difficult to monitor. Countries make reports every five years on development, which gives a rather stinted, separated view of how countries are implementing different schemes to corroborate with the legislation put forth. Unfortunately the UNCRC also raises some rather big political issues, such as the idea that the modern, western world is per haps enforcing unattainable and unrealistic goals upon poorer countries. Not only does this lead to their underperformance, but also to conflict between their cultures and the legislation they are being presented with. Also, do people want to see children differently, and do children want their roles to change? All these are major issues raised by the implementation on this global legislation upon unequal and incredibly different countries. However, it isnt all negative. Overall, the positives of the UNCRC far outweigh the negatives as the need to protect and provide for the needs of children is crucial, and this legislation goes a long way in ensuring that children are protected in a suitable manner, even if its effectiveness doesnt span the whole globe in an efficient manner. Children who are in labour rather than education are another construction of childhood to look at. Obviously the UNCRC has a clause aimed at preventing children from having full time jobs, especially that intrude with education but this cannot be successfully be implemented globally. Again, based on previously discussed concepts of childhood, it surely makes sense that if a child is at work then this is a blatant trespass upon their rights as outlined by the UNCRC and again, children are being thrust into a world of adult secrets. There is no glamorous side to child labour, the hours are often extreme, the pay laughable and the job itself more than often horrific for example young children forced into the sex trade. Their innocence robbed. Jobs such as this are in direct defiance of article thirty-two of the convention which states children are to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work which is hazardous. It is from the convention that a minimum age was applied to all jobs in the UK and other countries, and hours workable limited also. However, there are still approximately three hundred and fifty-two million children in labour deemed hazardous globally. The problem is that child labour is often not a choice for the child or the family, as they are forced into jobs due to economic desperation. Poverty is often so crippling that people have no option other than to allow their child to work. Bonded labour is common is some countries, which is where the child is basically pawned off for a sum of money, in exchange for their labour. Again, the UNCRC is placed under strain in this situation, as whilst such activity is clearly in breach of the legislation, it is fair to say that the UNCRC cannot prevent a family earning a living through any means possible in order to avoid complete poverty. This obviously has an impact on defining childhood, as it is difficult to see a boy of seven who does a sixteen-hour shift in a sweat-shop as still b eing a child in the middle of childhood. Biologically and in accordance to law, he would be a child, but his obviously different lifestyle, compared to a typical British child, prevents him from being a true child. In conclusion, it is incredibly difficult to define childhood. In the contemporary climate, it is fair to say that a basis around age, as is stated in the UNCRC and a majority of countries domestic policies. The age of eighteen is perhaps too high from a biological stance, as puberty has basically reached its conclusion by this time, however psychologically it can be seen as advantageous. As has been highlighted, children are not emotionally ready for what may be referred to as adult topics, such as death, sex and money. The frequent introduction of these topics into childhoods seems to have no benefit to the child, in fact it seems in most cases to be detrimental to childrens happiness. Child labour, in particular the sex trade, is horrific not just biologically as children are expected to work long hours in jobs their bodies are not yet prepared for, but also the emotional impact it has can be seen to devastate lives. So in this sense, the age barrier often used when defining child hood is incredibly important. The legislation used to protect children is also key to defining them. The UNCRC, obviously outlines age as a specific part of the legislation, but also, looking at the rights themselves, and the emphasis on the need for protection and the focus on development is incredibly telling when trying to define childhood. As well as being an period of both biological and emotional fragility, usually defined by age, it is also a time during which individuals are dependent on adults, not just for material things, but also emotional support and love. Also, looking back through history highlights the importance of not underestimating the importance of childhood as a period of life in its own right, rather than ignoring it as just a build-up to adult life. Obviously in some ways, it is a developmental period, preparing individuals for the future, however it is still a distinct section of life in its own right and should be valued as such. The implications of the different constructions of childhood are varied throughout the world. The historical aspects outline the importance of not ignoring childhood as a period in its own right. If we try to force an adult-centred curriculum on children rather than nurturing their abilities in the here and now it will lead to a generations of people confused about their identities, due to the lack of time they were given to develop themselves. In terms of schooling and policies for children, focusing on Britain, the major change so far has been the implementation of the Every Child Matters (ECM) (Dcsf) scheme designed to prevent repeats of the tragedy of Victoria Climbie , the young African girl who was tortured by her family until she died. It also stems from the UNCRC. The purpose of ECM is to unite the various agencies concerned with the wellbeing of children, such as social services, schools and health workers. From this, the Common Assessment Framework was developed to enable c hildren with additional needs to get the support they require. However, this scheme has its difficulties, particularly with from the multi-agency angle, as all the various services have a different perspective of the child and the problems each individual is facing. It can even be fair to say that each body has its own perspective on what childhood is, and these often dont match up. Even little things such as the style of observation each body undertakes on a child presents a problem, as often entirely different conclusions are drawn by each service. It is a positive though, that the government has recognized the need to unite different ways of perceiving children to create a more rounded, realistic analysis of children and their specific needs. Cambridge Dictionary (2009) Online Dictionary: Child [online] Available: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=13062dict=CALDtopic=family-relations-in-general , Cambridge [Accessed 12th December 2009] Cambridge Dictionary (2009) Online Dictionary: Childhood [online] Available: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=13075dict=CALDtopic=children-and-babies , Cambridge [Accessed 12th December 2009] Childrens Rights Alliance (2008) [online] Available: http://www.childrensrights.ie/files/UNCRC-CRC1989.pdf , Dublin [Accessed 21st December] DCSF (2009) Every Child Matters [online] Available: http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/about/aims/aims/ Crown, London [Accessed 21st December] Gamage, P (1992) Standing Conference on Education and training of teachers In Mills, J and Mills, R (ed.) (2003) Childhood Studies: A Reader in perspectives of childhood London: RoutledgeFalmer, page 8. Jenks, C (1990) Perspectives of Childhood: Summery. In J. Mills and R. Mills (ed.) (2003) Childhood Studies: A Reader in perspectives of childhood London: RoutledgeFalmer, page 30 Kakar (1981).Starting points. In Nutbrown (ed.) (1996) In Childrens Rights and Early Education Paul Chapman Publishing Mills, R (2003) Perspectives of Childhood: Summery. In J. Mills and R. Mills (ed.) (2003) Childhood Studies: A Reader in perspectives of childhood London: RoutledgeFalmer, page 8. Mills, R (2003) Perspectives of Childhood: Summery. In J. Mills and R. Mills (ed.) (2003) Childhood Studies: A Reader in perspectives of childhood London: RoutledgeFalmer, page 9. Nutbrown, C (1996) Starting points. In Nutbrown, C (ed.) Childrens Rights and Early Education Paul Chapman Publishing NSPCC (2009) What is the definition of a child? [online] Available: http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/research/questions/definition_of_a_child_wda59396.html , London [Accessed 12th December 2009] Aries, P (1960) In Palaiologou, I (2009) unpublished lecture notes from Constructions of Childhood 12th October Schultz, Lavenda (1990) In Palaiologou, I (2009) unpublished lecture notes from Constructions of Childhood 23rd November

Teaching To Be A Successful Teacher Education Essay

Pattern of learning and larning are altering from twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours with alteration in pupils behaviour. In olden yearss, teacher is one who inculcates the cognition in scholar through instructing, but as the coevalss changed, learning profession has besides seen batch of alterations ; it has become one of the most of import professions that have batch of impact on society. Teaching has become more of sharing than merely teaching. As a hereafter instructor, I should be able to get by up with this altering scholar ‘s behavior and should learn them in the manner they understand better and demo maximal end product. In the words of former Indian president, Scientist and now functioning as professor at one of the top universities in India, Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam â€Å" Educationists should construct the capacities of the spirit of enquiry, creativeness, entrepreneurial and moral leading among pupils and go their function theoretical account † . These were the chief motivational factors that created the passion of learning in me. I believe that I can construct assurance in pupils to come frontward to show themselves, promote them in stand outing in surveies and their field of involvement. From my experience as a pupil, I learnt that non all the pupils will be take parting in the same manner in the category and it is hard for teachers/ professors, to concentrate on peculiar pupils ‘ advancement. Hence, I believe that, I as a instructor should be capable of managing these type of jobs sanely and do certain that all the pupils improve their accomplishments and take part actively in schoolroom.Personal BiographyAs a pupil and good perceiver, I have been detecting different techniques and methods used by instructors to affect pupils in the category. As an MBA pupil in international concern school, I got the rare chance of larning different learning accomplishments of professors from different states round the universe. The manner the y teach, their interaction with pupils, their handling of different cultural issues ( as pupils are from different parts of universe ) , their handling of capable and helping pupils in using the theory to show concern universe made me more passionate towards taking this learning class. Their presence in the category would do pupils delighted and more interested towards topics.Ideas, beliefs and valuesTeaching has changed from merely accretion of facts through teaching process to developing scholars ‘ ability by helping them to believe critically and experiment. I still retrieve the college yearss, where my instructor Mrs. Fareed used to take particular attention of every pupil personally. She is one of the most powerful instructors I have of all time met. She has all the qualities that a instructor has to hold. She merely does n't used to learn us, she used to demo a practical concrete image in forepart of our eyes and therefore doing it easier and interesting. It ‘s bee n long clip, I departed from her, but her influence is still on me. . This form of learning through imaginativeness is a proved success factor. Whitebread ( 1929 ) , a celebrated philosopher from Harvard University, in his work â€Å" The purpose of instruction † stated â€Å" Imagination can non be measured or weighted and so supplied to pupil. It is an art that should be possessed by instructor and communicated to scholars in an orderly manner † . Whitebread ( 1929 ) work on instruction system is still taken as standard by many writers and philosophers. I would be uniting my experience as a pupil with the acquisition from these class and model myself into good instructor. I will seek to make an environment where pupils can interact with me ( teacher ) , and other pupils sing topic and better their ability in the countries that they are excited about. Because I believe that the acquisition would be successful, merely when it is meaningful. Here, I would wish to advert about my HRM professor Mrs Marian Sullivan ( guest module ) from Coventry, who has 25 old ages of industry and academic experience is so down to earth, that she is ever ready to welcome new thoughts from pupils and even larn new things from them. These characteristic in her, taught me that the ability of learning prevarications in the ability of larning. I will seek to larn new thoughts from pupils and would promote their engagement in category to convey out their creativeness. While reading through one of the articles by philosopher Mitchalak ( 1986 ) , I noticed him indicating out this art of doing pupils take part in categories is most important for being a successful instructor. He qu oted â€Å" Students should be motivated to go active scholars in category, or else, they will neither develop thought accomplishments nor engage in the category † . I will help in constructing assurance in the pupils and do schoolroom activities more interested by accommodating the instruction form, in which pupils are interested in. I besides strongly back up parents / defenders engagement in pupil acquisition accomplishments. I do n't waver to be in regular contact with parents about pupils ‘ advancement and their engagement in community activities. Learners get inspired by parent ‘s activities, functions and milieus ( neighbours, and friends ) . Harmonizing to me, parents are the first instructors in one ‘s life. Hence, I encourage parent ‘s engagement in pupils larning life. This is non merely my thought towards instruction, but it ‘s a proved fact. In one of the research conducted by William and Chavkin, they found the fact that â€Å" The more parents take part in schooling, in a sustained manner, at every degree, the better for pupil accomplishment † . Before fall ining the class, I had the basic thoughts of learning from my instructors and professors. These thoughts lighted the fire of passion for learning in me. After fall ining the class, I realised that it ‘s non merely about learning, but about sharing cognition, larning new things every twenty-four hours, altering with twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours and actuating myself and many people around me. Harmonizing to me, scholars are influenced by many factors around them. Few of them include societal safety, schoolroom environment, their personal demands and most significantly societal life. I have besides learnt that my thoughts towards learning are non merely plenty to be a good instructor and these thoughts demands to be changed harmonizing to today ‘s and in fact mundane altering single behaviour. Teachers play a important function in every 1 ‘s life. Students and society expression at instructors for alterations in present coevals. They would be the first individual to be pointed out at, when scholars does n't execute good in community. While reading through different articles on instruction and todays educational alterations, I have come across my doctrine of instruction is merely what is followed by most of the instructors around the universe. The doctrine â€Å" The art of learning prevarications behind the art of acquisition † is implemented by many instructors around the universe. Brookfield ( 1990 ) , in his work â€Å" the adept instructor † , explained this doctrine as one of the best doctrines possessed by instructors in present coevals. He mentioned that â€Å" the successful instructor is one who is able to larn from pupil and do pupil take part in category activities successfully † . Teacher, who has excellent learning accomplishments wo n't acquire success until pupil participates in schoolroom activities. By the terminal of this class, I would turn out myself to be successful instructor and scholar and get down my new calling by helping scholars to accomplish their ends. In today ‘s universe, where engineering is playing cardinal function and instructors have to accommodate with these turning engineering to make pupils good. At higher secondary schools, about all pupils, might lose giving a reading to their notes, but non lose their inbox in mail. Teachers in US and UK are following up with this tendency. Some instructors are utilizing chirrup to remind pupils of their prep and some instructors are utilizing Facebook to reach pupils, clear up uncertainties and mentor them. Governments are besides taking enterprises by carry oning extended researches on instruction system. They are in uninterrupted dialogues with instruction suppliers ( schools, colleges, universities ) to do certain that instruction is up to criterions. Encouraging pupil creativeness is besides of import for today ‘s changing universe. Students should be given opportunity to experiment theories. They should be allowed to portion their thoughts with everyone. This environment encourages advanced thoughts in scholars, which helps development of state. In words of A.P.J Abdul Kalam, â€Å" Teachers play important function in developing state with beautiful heads † . By the completion of this class, with the accomplishments gained I can travel against any challenge in Mauritanian instruction system and impart scholars with assurance and accomplishments. There have been many arguments against the instruction system in schools. Students are afraid of doing wrongs or giving incorrect replies, which finally is doing them to lose their assurance. Sir Ken Robinson, in his talk show on TED, blamed schools and instruction system, for killing creativeness in pupils by non promoting them. He farther added â€Å" you will ne'er come up with something advanced and utile, unless you are non prepared to be incorrect † . Students should be encouraged to talk out in the category, from these small beautiful heads, originative thoughts develop in hereafter. Here, I would wish to remind the words of Linda Lumsden ( 1994 ) , who has done a batch of research on pupil motive towards acquisition. Harmonizing to her â€Å" Motivation is successfully gained by general experience, but largely, it is straight related defining and communicating of outlooks, and direct direction or socialization through others ( chiefly, parents and Teachers ) † As I stated earlier, to accomplish good consequences, instructor and scholar should work together. As a instructor, I will ever maintain in head that both learning and larning are straight related to each other and when tied together decently and planned good, they can take to first-class result.